The Warriors Honor: A Review :: essays research papers

The Warriors whitenessThe Warriors Honour by Michael Ignatieff conveys the harsh realities of heathenish war to the reader. It opens a window to pictures and experiences that most can non, and do non , think of on a daily basis. Michael Igantieff has experienced there realities as he travelled around the human being in his work as a journalist, and it is in this book that he shares with us his thoughts and ideas ab let on these war torn countries. In this paper I will review the book and discuss study themes and arguments, as well as the downfall and shortcomings of it. Very early on the in book ignatieff makes it very clear why he wanted to get on on his journeys and also what he wishes to tell us through this book. He writes of his journeys purpose on page three I wanted to find out what mixture of moral solidarity and hubris led Western nations to embark on this brief adventure in putting the world to rights (Ignatieff 3). He is speaking of the sudden sight of intervention ist internationalism that had swelled during the gulf War (Ignatieff 3). He also states what, if anything, still connects the zones of safety where I and mot readers of this book are likely to live, and the zones of danger where ethnic struggle has become a way of life? (Ignatieff 4). Ignatieff clearly maps out the direction of this book by statingMy Concern here is with moralobligation, beyond our tribe, be-yond our nation, family, advise network. The Warriors Honour is about the impulse we all feel to do something when we seesome terrible report on televisionfrom Bosnia or Afghanistan(Ignatieff 4).Ignatieff does not get to these points and arguments until late in the book but leading up to them there are a great deal of arguments and theories made.One of these such arguments is captured in the title of the first chapter Is Nothing Sacred? The Ethics of Television. Does the media only display a shallow unfeeling report of the developing and warring worlds strife? Or do they open our eyes to that strife in order to make us reach out. The first chapter of The Warriors Honour deals with these questions. Ignatieff first presents a strong case for the side of the media, outlining the facts that it has done a good deed by opening the eyes of the Western world and not to mention their pockets (Ignatieff 10).

Health of Elderly Australia Essay -- essays research papers

How is Australias aging community supported by the Australian Health mission System?PREAMBLESince 1901 Australias olden population has had a dramatic rise with it estimated that 65-year olds make up just under 15% of Australias population (Northern Health Research). The median age of the country has risen from 22 to 35 years and people age 0-14 has decreased from 35.1% in 1901 to 20.7% in 2001 (Mayne Health Research). As this greying of the nation continues mirroring global trends, there has been an influx of residents admitted into aged care facilities around the country. The aim of this report is to perform a case study on an elderly member of the community cared for at the St. Pauls Aged Care Centre in Caboolture, after visiting the facility every Friday for a catamenia of five weeks. Not only will the residents health be investigated but also the effectiveness of the aged care centre to cater for the rights and inescapably of the residents in relation to the Ottawa Charter. Suggestions will be made on how the centre could be improved in the future culminating in a detailed epitome of the reports findings.INTRODUCTIONUpon commencing weekly visits, each group of students was assigned a particular resident and advised to monitor their health, behaviour and needs. After universe assigned an elderly gentleman by the name of Ken, it quickly became evident the reasoning behind his care. Ken was suffering the early stages of dementia often forgetting name calling and having short-term memory loss. According to the Alzheimers Association in Queensland, early stages of dementia involves the destruction of brain cells in isolated areas often with first signs universe short-term memory loss. He was also suffering severe arthritis of the left knee that seemed to be afflicting each of his elbows as well. Arthritis is a term loosely use to inflammatory, metabolic, or degenerative diseases involving one or more of the joints (Colliers Encyclopedia). It is a preval ent, crippling disease affecting tens of millions worldwide (www.arthritis.org/). The final health concern detect was Kens social unacceptance. Often reluctant to join in with conversations and games, Ken seemed very isolated and lonely, probably further reinforcing the signs of dementia setting in. decision maker SUMMARYOn completion of the weekly visits and looking back on the time spent with the residents, ... ... the facility encouraging a more sociable and homy setting. This would further enhance residents social wellbeing allowing a friendlier environment to be created and according to Dr. Luke Ryse,A person who is living a tone in a favoured setting is less likely to suffer stress, depression and anxiety often associated with aged care facilities. (www.agecare.com/oz/st/) Another improvement would be to allot great freedom to the residents. Maybe have meals at different times in the evenings giving them a sense of control and also allow residents accompanied visits ou tside the facility on a weekly basis. Both would lift spirits in centre and are improvements that are easily attainable. They allow residents greater independence and as mentioned earlier, this fosters better health. However apart from those two areas, the St. Pauls Aged Care Facility in Caboolture is effectively caring and adhering to the needs of the elderly in conjunction with promoting health through the implementation of the principles of the Ottawa Charter.

Gustafsen Lake :: essays research papers fc

Gustafsen Lake.For centuries, the natives of Canada have been suffering damagesthrough their land and themselves. Events such as Oka, Ipperwash, Lubican,and Gustafsen trails the racism and rigourousness to the aboriginals. Land beingusurped over for the use of natural supplies or accommodations, being killed and jailed for protecting their rights given bygone ago. Gustafsen Lake shows these attributes when the Secwepemc (Shuswap) was being raidedby more than one-hundred RCMP officers for carrying out(p) an ancient ritualthat the sun dancers have done for more than a century. Gustafsen Lakewill be explained through the history and background of the native people,the history of the land, and the confabulation of the government for peaceand resolution.The Secwepemc or Shuswap for the non-natives have called, meansthe Shuswap people. The reason for the non-natives calling them the Shuswap happened when the eastern settlers came to land on British Columbia. They could not pronounce S ecwepemc so they do an easierword to call them by. This happened with most / majority of other nativebands. There were 17 bands of Shuswaps that controlled the vast country ofBritish Columbia for 10,000 years and compulsory 56,000 square miles oftraditional land. The Shuswap diets through berries, meat, fish and roots and the occupation for the them back than were hunting, fishing, and trading. .Althought most of the bands were hybrids, they all share similar traditions, rituals, and language. This would all soon change whenthe eastern settlers came on their land and spreading smallpox in 1862,wiping out 32 tribal villages, killing more than a hundred thousand. (SCES). In the 19th century, the area has been industrialized, schools being built, and the tradition being changed with less than eight thousand Shuswap,. Later in the 19th century, they are now coming back in a positive force. Getting jobs in many enterprises and tradition coming / being taught again. Again The non-nativ es took action to downgrade the Shuswap from advancing further in their destiny for a better future, causing them to go back to second hand occupations. Now that the history hits them again, they refused to be puppets and caused rallies to the government for a better life. Declarations have been signed, social growth and economic development became prosperous and the Shuswap people now living a happy life again. Although this soundslike a downward spiral that goes back up again, The Shuswap peopleof today will be looking forward to not go down that road again.

Basics of Ghost Stories :: Ghost Story Stories Ghosts Essays

Basics of ghost StoriesINTRODUCTIONThe ghost story writer has to attract the indorsers care straightaway. The way story begins is master(prenominal) and often links with the restof the narrative. The opening of a short story must try to engage the lector quickly. I think all ghost stories should always deliver a lot ofsuspense in it, to create anticipation and excitement. Some symbolic disapprove/place for example a knife, a key must play a major part in thenarrative. The story should also have a lot of detail to get thefeeling as if the reader is there to create different types ofatmospheres, such as horror, terror, and excitement. They should alsohave a mysterious end, to do work the reader go away thinking about it.Most people are interested in ghost stories because of the thrill andhorror that is in it. Ghost storys challenges us to see how much ofthe paranormal we can take onboard and because it is a story they canalways back away from it if it gets too unnerving.I have re ad Wish Master, in which a demon awakes from an ancient potthat is destroyed in a robbery in a museum. then the demon goes aroundasking people for their wishes and he always does something oppositeto fulfil the wish.Ghost stories always seem to be set in lone(prenominal) or isolated places. Thelanguage writers use to describe settings in ghost stories are usuallyquite unpredictable because there is a lot of descriptive use ofimagery to paint a specific kind of picture for the reader. Ghoststories gained prominence in the Victorian period and a lot of stainlessstories were written during this period. They were written toentertain and feed the imagination of the populace who were intriguedby stories of the supernatural.Atmosphere is mood the writer is trying to create in a story. It isimportant because it builds a good impression on the reader. It iscreated through the use of language tools such as similes, metaphorsand onomatopoeia. The atmosphere of the story is developed right f romthe beginning. It largely depends on the writers purpose/intentions.So you do expect different kind of atmosphere to be created in both ofthese stories because in the The Signalman Charles Dickens is tryingto scare the reader and in The Deadfall Ted Hughes is trying to geta message across. Atmosphere is important in building tension in thestory, which I believe is vital for a ghost story.In The Signalman by Charles Dickens the narrator meets a lonelysignalman. At first he seems to be scared of him.

Gandhi Movie Summary :: Film Movie

The movie Gandhi starts off with the assassination of Gandhi on January 30, 1948. He was killed because of the split of Hindus and Muslims into Pakistan and India, sort of of trying to keep the country united (which was impossible at the time). The story then jumps back to Gandhi early in his life, when he is a practicing attorney. He is travelling in South Africa on a train and is thr accept off because he refuses to give up his first class seat. The conductor wants him to move because he is Indian. This upsets him and he organizes a burning of the discriminatory codes. The protestors are arrested and released.Gandhi is motivated by religious means he believes that everyone is equal in Gods eyes. He lounge abouts involved in several movements for equality, and he stresses non-violence very strongly. The Indians are very mad because British rule continues to limit their rights. They are supposed to in all delineate fingerprinted, and their marriage laws are invalid. Gandhis foll owers vow to fight their oppressors to the death, but he discourages them from violence.He and his wife form a sort of commune of purity. They populate off of the land entirely. During one scene, they ask all of Gandhis followers to burn all of their clothes that were made in Britain and wear only what they underside make themselves. Gandhi practices this for the rest of his life, usually wearing just a loincloth. In another scene, Gandhi is in jail, and some of his followers are peacefully gathered in a square. The police lock up the square and kill almost everyone, over 1,500 people. Gandhi is disgusted and discouraged. He continues to preach non-violence, but the Indians do have nonchalant conflict with the police. Gandhis counter to the popular phrase an eye for an eye says that after that, everyone will be blind. Gandhi leads several organized protests against British rule. In one, all Indians stopped doing their work, and the major cities in the country were disabled. Anoth er time, he led a 165-mile walk to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt. The Indians made their own salt out of the sea. A turning point on the Indian fight for independence was the western press. Reporters witnessed a scene in which Indians tried to get into a factory row by row, and were brutally beaten by soldiers, row by row, as the women pulled the dead and injured away.

Gandhi Movie Summary :: Film Movie

The movie Gandhi starts impinge on with the assassination of Gandhi on January 30, 1948. He was killed because of the split of Hindus and Muslims into Pakistan and India, instead of act to keep the country united (which was impossible at the time). The story then jumps back to Gandhi early in his life, when he is a practicing attorney. He is traveling in South Africa on a train and is thrown off because he refuses to give up his first class seat. The conductor wants him to move because he is Indian. This upsets him and he organizes a burning of the discriminatory codes. The protestors are arrested and released.Gandhi is motivated by religious means he believes that everyone is equal in Gods eyes. He gets affect in several movements for equality, and he stresses non-violence very strongly. The Indians are very mad because British rule continues to limit their rights. They are supposed to all get fingerprinted, and their man and wife laws are invalid. Gandhis followers vow to fight their oppressors to the death, but he discourages them from violence.He and his wife form a sort of commune of purity. They live off of the land entirely. During one scene, they ask all of Gandhis followers to burn all of their clothes that were made in Britain and wear only what they can describe themselves. Gandhi practices this for the rest of his life, usually wearing just a loincloth. In another scene, Gandhi is in jail, and some of his followers are peacefully gathered in a square. The police lock up the square and kill almost everyone, over 1,500 people. Gandhi is disgusted and discouraged. He continues to preach non-violence, but the Indians do have occasional affair with the police. Gandhis counter to the popular phrase an eye for an eye says that after that, everyone will be blind. Gandhi leads several organized protests against British rule. In one, all Indians stop doing their work, and the major cities in the country were disabled. Another time, he led a 165-mile wal k to the sea to protest the British monopoly on flavour. The Indians made their own salt out of the sea. A turning point on the Indian fight for independence was the western press. Reporters witnessed a scene in which Indians tried to get into a factory row by row, and were brutally beaten by soldiers, row by row, as the women pulled the dead and injured away.

United States Navy and Naval Flight Officer

My dad is in the Navy, my high-pitched, six-year-old voice would proudly proclaim when asked what my fathers profession was. Other childrens dads were managers, lawyers, and doctors, which was fine with me, but my dad was a naval Officer. He sailed on gigantic aircraft carriers for a living. Now that was cool. My family is undoubtedly the thing that sparked my desire to become a Naval Officer my dad was a Naval Academy graduate, my uncle a Navy doctor, and my grandfather a Naval Flight Officer. For me to join the Navy and become a Naval Officer is a continuance of a tradition generations old.I would consider it a great honor to be able to follow in their footsteps, but theres more to my decision than that. I am not blindly pursuing a carg singler as a Naval Officer, I have done endless hours of research on this career choice, and the more research I do about the Navy and Naval Officers, the surer I am that this is what I wish to become. Because Naval Officers have play such a large part in my family life, I know what type of person it takes to be one, and what type of extraordinary people they are.You can concede them by the pride with which they hold themselves and the confidence with which they speak. They are the people who command battleships, fly jets, and dive submarines, things that most people can only imagine doing. They are go awaying not only to give up their life for their country, but also to lead likeminded men and women who are willing to do the same. They have to confine split second decisions that test who they are and will vastly impact the lives of those under their command. This is the type of person I want to be I want to be a Naval Officer.I realize that becoming a Naval Officer isnt going to be easy, that officers have to go through rigorous amiable and physical training before they can receive their commissions. I look forward to the challenge I know that the intensive training I will undergo on the path to becoming a Naval Officer will make me better physically, mentally, and morally. I know that becoming a Naval Officer will push me to my limits and that the trials I face will result in me becoming the best that I can be. I hope that one day in the future I will have earned the right to call myself a United States Naval Officer.

Prayer in Counseling Essay

In Eriksen and Welds journal term, the writers contend that spirituality and petitioner is being utilized more and more by mental health practitioners and counselors. The concept of petition inside the guidance session is something that was considered for a long sequence only if the actual use of spirituality practices is more frequently being used today. This particular article is based upon the data retrieved from two tests that were done on first beat counselees and their practitioners. All of the counselees were Christians and results were based on what their expectations were regarding prayer and spirituality inventions.The test also surveyed what the beliefs and practices were of the counselors. Ultimately, the test showed that most counselees preferred the introduction of prayer within the sessions. They wished audible prayer was initiated by the counselor. Additionally, the test results also showed that clients expected prayer and even prefer that counselors or practi tioners pray for them outside the prayer sessions as well. another(prenominal) interesting thing that the test results showed was that religious natured conservatives preferred prayer more than the liberals of a religious nature.Overall, the studies from this article resulted in a confirmation that prayer is sanative and healthy for the clients. According to the article, spirituality has already been linked to a sturdy well-being and even layman counselors have used prayer discussion in sessions. There are many therapists that do not believe in mixing psychology with theology, however the results seem to point to the fact that prayer intervention and spirituality produces effectiveness in psychotherapy sessions. There has been some controversy about using prayer in counseling such as unseasonable use of prayer in counseling.In some cases, practitioners may not be trained properly to interconnected prayer and this could result in a damaged relationship between client and counselo r. In some cases there are counselors that may not value prayer within the session but their clients may find it important. On the contrary, one of the studies showed that there were more counselors that valued prayer than their counselees. With these barriers to consider, research and examination of spirituality and prayer in counseling pass on be pursued further. Interaction It was quite amazing to see how high of a percentage of practitioners actually incorporate prayer with the counseling.There was a time when educators did not suggest using prayer or spirituality in the counseling sessions due to the delicacy of the subject of religion. Also, as a former secular counselor, there was some concern that many of the clients were not Christians and there may be offense taken by the client. After reading this journal article, it is enlighten to find out that many clients prefer prayer especially since many counselors are Christians now. Since there is in truth little research on th e subject of prayer intervention, further research is crucial so that counselors can learn the proper way to incorporate prayer into the therapy session.Although the motives cover a pair of research studies on how effective prayer is to the success of the counseling session, it wasnt sufficient enough to say that the majority of people who come to counseling prefer prayer. The article covered a lot about proven effectiveness of spirituality with counseling but there needs to be more on how to properly incorporate the two entities. Prayer is enlightening to many counselors but it is still a responsive subject and needs to be weaned in the right way. It is this precedents assertion that prayer can be enlightening and beneficial to the mental health from personal experiences.The application of prayer and Biblical scriptures has been so uplift for many clients but there are many out there that do not know the benefits of prayer. Dialogue is crucial when initiating prayer in the coun seling session so the counselor needs to be well educated on the techniques. Spirituality and prayer has been utilized by this counselor and has been an integral pawn in problem solving and keeping clients happy. As a Christian counselor, prayer for the client can be done after sessions whether the client wants it or not but during sessions should be guardedly applied.It is because of this article that this author will study and investigate how to incorporate prayer carefully into the counseling session. Application It is because of this article that this author will study and investigate how to incorporate prayer carefully into the counseling session. Eriksen and Welds journal is an important tool and this author has unquestionably learned a lot from this reading. A client that comes in for grief counseling or depression would benefit from the therapeutic use of prayer. This author would carefully incorporate the Biblical scriptures as well as prayer on and off sessions because it is expected of a Christian.Since religion of any form is very sensitive for many people, this counselor will make sure to learn the best way to initiate it and use it throughout the counseling sessions. Another benefit in utilizing prayer is the trust building of the client for the practitioner so therefore this author will utilize prayer to promote a great relationship. This author will make sure that the client is confident enough to share their feelings about prayer and spirituality. First and foremost, it will be disclosed in the very beginning that the author is a Christian.After listening to the client and finding his or her comfort level, Spirituality will somehow be introduced in the session whether it is in the form of reading Biblical scriptures or facilitating a prayer. In the past, this author has used prayer with counselees in and after sessions, but now realizes the sensibility of how to apply it. It has been welcomed by both non-Christians and Christians but the a rticle has shed the light on how detrimental an improper application of Spirituality and prayer can be to the counseling relationship.

Max’s Restaurant Research Paper Essay

1.FRANCHISENAME Aguillon Ventures, Inc.,2.BRAND AND TRADEMARK pockets Restaurant3.BUSINESS CONCEPT Maxs Restaurant is a Philippine-based restaurant serving fried chicken and Filipino dishes. What started out as a small caf in the Philippines has successfully transitioned into a proud Filipino customs that is also making waves in the global front as an foreign brand. Today, the house that fried chicken built has expanded to 123 local and 10 international branches. Maxs is more than just a food brand. It takes after characteristics that are innate to Filipinos hospitality, generosity and passion for good food. The recipes have been intricately demonstrable for 66 years and given a modern twist to cater to the increasingly discriminating tastes of customers from all over the world. To a lot of people, Maxs is a nostalgic place that reminds them of countless memorable experiences with their family, friends and dod ones. It is a place to nurture relationships, and a home away from home.4.TARGET CUSTOMERS Their target customers is high strain family 5.TERM The term of the Maxs Restaurant franchise is six (6) years with the right to re immature 3 additional terms total of 24 years. 6.SITE/ post/ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Our Business Development Department can create a detailed site plan indicating the specific location of a craved prototype facility based on specific information and requirements letd by the franchisee about the proposed site. In addition, the department can prepare building plans and specifications detailing the requirements for boilersuit design, furnishings, store layout, equipment, fixtures and interior decor specifications. Maxs Restaurant currently has over 127 branches in the Philippines. The chain also has branches in the U.S. states of California, Hawaii, and New Jersey, and its first Canadian branch in Toronto, Ontario. A store opened in Vancouver, British Columbia in March 2012. More branches volition open soon in Sydney, Australia, an d Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Queens, New York.PRODUCT & SERVICES Its signature dish is its fried chickenMaxs dubs itself the house that fried chicken built. Its often served with rice and/or kamote (sweet-potato) fries. Other items on Maxs menu are Filipino dishes like pancit, kare-kare, nilagang baka, sinigang na baboy, lechon kawali, pork adobo, bicol express, and laconic pata among others. Service is generally good, but the usually high volume of customer traffic at its malllocations doesnt lead to the cleanest or most relaxing of environments at those branches. Maxs is a casual dining restaurant leaning more towards fast food rather than alright dining. Pre-packaged caramel debar accompanying some meals and Maxs bakery kiosks at some restaurants drive the point home. Some services bear offs ReservationsWalk-Ins WelcomeGood For GroupsGood For KidsTake OutDeliveryCateringWaiter ServiceOutdoor Seating8.PRICING STRATEGYMaxs Restaurant pricing strategy is based on these be Direct costs.These are the ingredient costs associated with the food item itself. This involves the purchasing food, portion sizes, food waste from spilling, overcooking or spoiling. Indirect costs. Indirect costs are those that do not include the actual ingredients that make up a dish, but the aspects of your restaurant that add perceived value or quality. These contribute significant basis upon which to charge higher prices. Preparation and labor.The labor to prepare a menu item is considered an indirect cost. Menu items that require time, effort, artistry or talent to prepare merit a higher menu price than something that simply requires heating and plating.Overhead expenses.Overhead costs for items such as dcor, product presentation, amenities and marketing efforts. Although slightly less common, these can create added value and validate higher menu item prices. Volatile food costs. legion(predicate) raw commodity food items, or basic ingredients with minimal qualityvariance, m ay fluctuate as often as daily. In a courtship such as this you have two easy options raise your prices or work with a seasonal menu. Seasonal menus allow flexibility for buying crops in season, or in supply, to keep costs down. Service type.Prices will undoubtedly change depending on whether your restaurant is a fast-casual restaurant or a fine dining restaurant. Be sure your prices represent the service value your customers receive. For instance, full service restaurants can always charge more for their hamburgers than quick-service joints, because full service restaurants are also providing greater ambience, better service and often better ingredients than the quick-service alternative. 9.QUALITY CONTROL METHOD Prior to the commencement of operations, the corporate training department will issue the franchisee and eight members of the management team with hands-on training that spans 4 months. This training will incorporate classroom content and applied in-restaurant developmen tal modules that will extensively cover subjects ranging from administrative and operational matters to marketing. Regular refresher and developmental training programs will also be given as needs arise. Maxs is a firm proponent of sustainable continuous training of all Maxs franchises and employees to closely align our business model and company determine and enrich the integral bond between store staff, guests and restaurant profitability.Each franchise store can expect holistic support and servicing 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. A dedicated Franchise Area Manager will be assigned specifically to assist the franchisee in running the store. The key aim of the operations team is to create sales-building efforts and to ensure that Maxs high quality and safety standards are maintained across all store operations. FAMs will see to it that the store meets its sales targets and increases its profitability. FAMs conduct staff meetings, regularly make store visits and conduct training f or procedural updates and rollouts for new programs and menu items. 10.MARKETING SYSTEM Maxs firmly believes that marketing is the driving force that propels the restaurant brand forward. Our team is composed of marketing professionals and will provide each and every store with the best marketing service available to ensure brand loyalty and saliency in the market.The marketing group will provide support for newproduct launches, sales-driven in-store promotions, above-the-line advertising efforts, and viable media planning. You can also expect dynamic local store marketing projects and exceptionally designed merchandising collaterals. Strategic brand mapping, intensive competition analysis, new product development and consumer-based research comprise the marketing support extended to all Maxs stores. 11.ADVERTISEMENT In earlier television and cinema advertisements, the restaurant usually marketed itself as a place for Filipino families to get together. It also established its guide word Sarp to the bones (Delicious to the bones). More recently, a popular series of television advertisements told the story of a Maxs employee who was the childhood love of a popular TV celebrity, played by Piolo Pascual. The series showed the two characters as children, then as adults accidentally meeting at Maxs. The calamity of the story is when the celebrity recognizes the employee from their childhood. This commercial became so popular that it launched the showbiz career of Isabel Oli, the model who played the employee.

Native American Religions Essay

autochthonous American Religions happen to be one of the oldest and approximately enduring forms of religion. They comprise a large spot of distinct tribes, states, and ethnic groups. Native Americans arrived on the North American Continent fifth-teen thousand to twenty thousand years ago. Native Americans have literally sources that personify from only the last four-spot hundred years even though Native American living covers perhaps twenty thousand years. Over trio hundred tribes have been recognized by the joined States government. Native Americans are the only known ethnic group in the United States requiring a national permit to practice their religion.In the state of Virginia, Native Americans face a unique problem. Virginia has no federally recognized tribes. Native American Religions have to a fault been known as American Indians, Amerindians, Amerinds, Aboriginal, Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, Red Indians, or Red Men. Native Americans religions are polythe istic. Native American Religions are remarkably free of priesthood. Native Americans are very personal in that they encourage Page 2 individuals to contact the spirit world alone. Native Americans believe that many levels of Gods and Spirits last in the universe.They think of the High God or Great Spirits as a personal God. They believe in the Supreme Being in a manner found in many basic religions. Native religions have some of the qualities of monotheism, polytheism, and monism. Native American has been exposed to Christian eschatology for more than four hundred years. The influence of Christianity has been so strong that today most Native Americans are Christians. They are interested in the day-to-day life among the multiple strong drink found in the world. Native Americans have a r everent attitude toward the land, trees, rivers, and mountains.Native Americans who practiced agriculture revere the soil, plants, and tree. Hunting was an important part of life within many Native American Cultures. The hunter would pray to the spirit of the animal before the hunt. Hunting was a religious pursuit in which the hunters adage the animal as a fellow creature, with a similar spirit. After all huntings one would ask the animal for forgiveness. They would basically achieve a taboo. A religious action that enables people to avoid doing things that would offend the spirits of temperament and the ancestors.This was one of the ways the Native American would protect themselves from workable danger from the spirit world. Another widely observed taboo is the avoidance of the dead. Taboo concerning about Page 3 the dead led Native Americans to be greatly concerned about their final resting places. There is no heaven for those who have been righteous and no hell for those who have been wicked. Native Americans often try on to control the forces of spirit world with ceremonies. The purpose of their ceremonies, rituals, songs, and dances is not necessarily worship.They are a mean of renewing the partnership between humans and the spirit world. extensive hours of dancing in this atmosphere prepare the participants for contact with the spirit world. Holy week is as well as celebrated a song and dance. Native Americans often fall upon special powers by seeking visions that may place them in connection with the spirit world. Visions are sought by Native Americans at other generation in life. The spirit may appear after a period of fasting and prayer, or sometimes without any preparation. The Sweat Lodge is probably the most important Native Ritual.The sweat lodge usually occurs before and after every other major ritual like the Sundance and Vision Quest. It is also a stand alone ritual meaning that it occurs whenever it is needed. Its original purpose was to cleanse or purify individuals. Mother sweat lodge essentially translates in to returning to the womb. The Sun Dance last from four to eight days starting at the sunset of the final day of prepara tion and ending at sunset. It showed continuity between life and death regeneration. It shows that there is no true end to life, but a cycle of symbolic and true deaths and rebirths.All of nature is intertwined and dependent on one another. This gives an equal ground to everything on the Earth. The sun dance was a significant part of the Crow Indian peoples Page 4 spirituality. It was a spiritual retreat in which a large number of participants would fast, pray and dance for a period of days. They asked for answers to events going on in their lives. Traditional Native Americans seem to believe in two souls, neither of which is considered immortal. One soul is the life, or the breath, that accompanies the body.The other soul is known as the free soul. One of the most common elements of Native American Religions is the use of tobacco and the sacred pipe in religious ceremonies. Tobacco was originally freehanded and used only for religious purposes by Native Americans. The tobacco use d in religious ceremonies is stronger than the tobacco used in cigarettes. The ritual tobacco is occasionally smoked in rolled from corn husks. Most Native American tribes had traditional gender roles. Men hunted, traded and made war, while women gathered plants, cared for the young and the elderly.Women ever had the task of making weapons and tools, they took care of the roofs of their homes and often helped their men hunt buffalos. Many Native American people believed in the unusual power of a char at these times in life. During a women menstruation she was kept away from ordinary society. Native Americans today have a special relationship with the United States of America. In conclusion, Native Americans can be found as nations, tribes, or bands of Native Americans who have sovereignty or independence from the government of the United Statesry society. ilk other religions, Native American belief systems include many sacred Page 5 narratives. Such spiritual stories are deeply ba sed in Nature and are rich with the symbolism of seasons, weather, plants, earth, water, sky and fire. The idea of an all powerful Great Spirit, a connection to the Earth, diverse creation narratives and collective memories of ancient ancestors are common. Traditional worship practices are often a part of tribal gatherings with dance, rhythm, songs and trance.

Educational Psychology Essay

Explain the Vygotskian notion of the zone of proximal development. Evaluate the competency of approaches to teaching and learning eg. reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships, and communities of prentices which incorporate this notion.Many theorists throughout the century have developed concepts that have analysed and explained how a child learns during their schooling age. educational theorist Lev Vygotsky produced the cordial development theory of learning. He believed social interaction is the primary cause of cognitive development. He named this the zone of proximal development. There be many approaches to learning in the zone of proximal development such as scaffolding, reciprocal teaching, cognitive apprenticeships and communities of learning, each with their own unique way of transporting the learner into an easier to a greater extent motivated state of learning.Comp bed to Pia draw offs theory of cognitive development where the child is seen to go through four stag es of development sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations, Vygotsky believed that the cognitive developmental process should be analysed through social contexts. He believed that this was a lifelong process that was influenced by social interaction with family, instructors, and friends in the cultural residential area surrounding the pupil. He emphasised the instruments that specific cultures provide to maintain thinking, and the idea that children use the instruments theyre given to build their own comprehension of the physical and inbred world. He named this the Zone of Proximal Development. Vygotsky defines this as the distance in the midst of the actual development level as determined by nonsymbiotic problem work and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult pleader or in collaboration with more competent peers (Vygotsky, 1978, cited from McInerney and McInerney, 2006,part 1,ch 2,p58).During thi s m cognitive development takes place. Throughout this development the child is said to go through four stages of growth (Gallimore and Tharp, 1990) 1. Assistance in their bend from other more cap commensurate peers, parents, and teachers. 2. Growing independence from their more capable peers as they begin to build their own ideas by using self enjoin speech and assume responsibility for their learning. 3. Automation of response they develop, make the movement of idea automatic and internalise their thinking.Assistance from others is not needed. 4. De-automatisation and recursion constant practice of second is necessary so as not to lose the make outledge and re-enter the zone of proximal development. Sometimes there is always a movement between in and out of the zone of proximal development. Vygotskian principles are evident in e rattlingday teaching practices and are maintained by parents, peers and teachers who believe that using a social constructivist perspective for educa tion will give their child or pupils the opportunity to grow within themselves through the sustain of others from different levels of knowledge.Vygotsky believed that the role of the teacher using the zone of proximal development for learning is to find an appropriate stage of complexity for the learner to handle. This is called assisted learning. Teachers provide strategic support in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence (Woolfolk, 2001, p49). The teacher must simplify tasks so that they are manageable for the student to deal with. This guidance or help is called scaffolding. It is the support for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking down the problem into steps, providing and lawsuit, or anything else that allows the student to grow as an independent learner. They provide students with the opportunities to further extend their current skills and knowledge.For example, think abo ut a mathematics problem. Assume that the learner has made good progress and the time has tot up to learn how to do a Pythagoras theorem question. We know that the leaner cannot complete the task independently but has enough knowledge to master the problem with the help from a mathematics teacher. The learner is in the zone of proximal development and will be able to benefit from the scaffolding, in the form of explaining, demonstrating and guiding by the teacher. enchantment doing this, teachers look for discrepancies between students effort and the solution they come up with.They are looking to fake the frustration and risk that the student encounters. also they model an idealised version of the act of learning so the learner can use it to help them solve their educational problems (Hausfather, 1996). The key to getting students to help themselves learn independently is not to make the students reinvent information or rediscover it themselves. The teacher must make the informa tion available for the learner to audition and work out their own ideas and solutions whilst allowing them to be open to advice from deal who are more informed on the subject. So although scaffolding is an extremely helpful lance for teachers to use in their teaching and their students learning, they must make sure that the child is educated in the right approach so as not to deter the child from making advances on their own educational capabilities.Cognitive apprenticeships have proved very useful over the centuries as an impelling form of education. The bond that is formed between master and apprentice is both personal and motivating. By working alongside more experienced people, young people are able to learn the tricks of the trade first hand. There is a creation of dialogue between student and teachers that goes beyond answering questions and engages in the cover more informally (Driscoll, 1994). Communication is important between master and apprentice and the teacher must learn to properly use proxemics, paralanguage, and kinesics right for the outcomes to be reached. The performances required of the learner are real and important and grow more complex as the learner becomes more competent (Collins, Brown, & Holum, 1991).Some academics believe that knowledge and skills learned in school have become separated from the everyday world. To compensate for this, many schools have adopted many of the features of apprenticeships. Apprenticeships in schools would focus on cognitive objectives such as reading, writing, problem solving and mathematical problems. There are six main features of cognitive apprenticeships 1. Students esteem an expert model the performance2. Students get external support through coaching or tutoring 3. Students receive conceptual scaffolding, which is then gradually faded as the student becomes more competent and salutary 4. Students continually articulate their knowledge putting into words their understanding of the processes and content being learned. 5. Students reflect on their progress, comparing their problem solving to an experts performance and to their own earlier performances 6. Students are required to explore new ways to apply what they are learning ways that they have not safe at the masters side. (Woolfolk, 2001)In the classroom there is normally one teacher to 30 or so students, so where is there time for cognitive apprenticeships? Often there are students on the class that are at a much higher level of capabilities than other less capable students. Teachers put these students into groups where they can learn at a comfortable rate whilst have been immersed in a master and apprentice style learning environment.An example of a cognitive apprenticeship is the notion of reciprocal teaching. This is a method based on modelling, to teach reading comprehension strategies. The goal of reciprocal teaching is to help students understand and think deeply about what they read (Palincsar, 1986). Pali ncsars explore has focused attention on strategies that improve reading comprehension. In Brown and Palincsars 1989 case study students and teachers took it in turns to lead small group discussions on an important issue. They were shown 4 reading strategies and the students began to teach themselves.This type of educational style showed profound gains over other instructional strategies as they did not allow students to gradually teach themselves. Research on reciprocal teaching has shown some remarkable results. just about research was carried out with students who were younger adolescents who can read fairly accurately so therefore the research doe not have results and data from students who are in a different age group and who are not very capable in reading comprehension skills. So the overall research is not very reliable, however of the students that was involved their reading abilities improved. Those who were in the lower bottom half of their class moved up to average or supra average level on tests of reading comprehension.Palincsar has recognized there are three guiding principles for effective reciprocal teaching (Palincsar & Brown, 1984). 1. The shift from teacher control to student responsibility must be gradual. 2. The difficulty of the task and the responsibility must match the abilities of each student and grow as these abilities develop. 3. Teachers should carefully observe the teaching of each student for clues about how the student is thinking and what kinds of instruction the student needs. By considering reciprocal teaching, instructional approaches are used to emphasise social interaction between students active constructions of meaning.In a community of learners, students and teachers together construct a culture that values the strengths of all participants and regard their interests, abilities, languages, and dialects. Students and teachers shift among the roles of expert, researcher, learner, and teacher, supporting themselves and each other. There are different ways to help create a community of learners. Collaboration is a technique that teachers and student can use to enrich their solutions to harder and complex problems. Students may work with small groups in the classroom, between small groups creating difference of opinions and with others on a larger scale. matchless of the advantages of having students work in groups solving problems is that they will be called on to explain their proposed solutions to one another (Woolfolk, 2001). Putting solutions into words usually improves problem solving. Collaboration provides divided up responsibility, enhanced communication, new questions, new answers, engaged learners and enthused teachers. Research suggests that computer technology is a cultural tool that mediates and internalises the students learning. Changing their learning contexts with different technology is a powerful learning activity (Crawford, 1996). With children learning more about computers at an earlier age they are able to interact with others that are not on the same level of ability as them, thus creating a technological community of learners.Teaching students in the modern era can guarantee a more exciting and unpredictable learning experience sort out by many in society. Vygotsky perspectives uphold many beliefs about how students learn. The zone of proximal development was and still is challenging modern thinking about effective teaching and learning in philosophical ways. By examining Vygotskys zone of proximal development teachers are able to recognise that students of similar ages will be experiencing similar concerns and interests but there will be differences for each individual. Each student is different. Different from adults, different from each other and as such teachers have to provide for these individual differences in each area of learning. The learning process is very active.Vygotsky emphasises the need for experience and social interaction and that t hey play a key role in development. The development of a student is an important factor in deciding on the subject matter to be taught, the resources and knowledge experiences to present, the teaching strategies to be used and the procedures for evaluating learning. In order to appreciate, transmit, correspond and cooperate with students, teachers and peers must know how they think feel and act at different ages. They must learn to use the zone of proximal development to help their students determine their own opinions and ideas on life itself in the classroom and in the home community. From assisted learning and the scaffolding style of teaching, to cognitive apprenticeships and a full community of learners, students are able to mature their knowledge levels through the zone of cognitive development so as to become a stronger and more inquisitive student during their educational years of schooling.

Leading Supply Chain Turn Around

Five eld ago, salespeople at Whirlpool state the companys tot twine stave were sales disablers Now, Whirlpool excels at limit the right product to the right institutionalize at the right time-while retentiveness in showory low. What made the difference? by Reuben C Slone a make out train Turnaround eading T hings would be very different today-for me, my colleagues, and my company if the votes of Whirlpools North the Statesn leadership team had swung in a different direction on May 3,2001.It was a move I hadnt expected Mike Todman, our executive vice president at the time, firm to go around the table and ask each member of his module for a thumbs-up or thumbs-down on the investment that Paul Dittmann and I had just offici bothy proposed. Did I look worried? I shadowert imagine I didnt, even though wed spent hours in individual meetings with each of them, postureting their ideas and buy-in. We thought we had everyones support. just now the facts remained Our proposal had a bigger price tag than any release kitchen stove investment in the companys history. We were asking for tens of millions during a period of general belt-tightening.Some of it was slated for recent hires, even as cutbacks were taking place elsewhere in the company. And Paul and I, the people doing the asking, were coming from the put up chain organization. Let me be clear The supply chain organization was the part of the business that Whirlpools salespeople were in the habit of calling the sales disablers in 2000. We were perpetually behind the octad testicle, tying up in bid manner much capital in finished goods inventory yet failing to provide the product availability our customers needed. Our availability hovered around 87%. Our colleagues grimly joked that in surveys on the de be intimatery performance f the four biggest appliance manufacturers in the U. S. , we came in fifth. 114 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW OCTOBER 200 U HBR The 2Xst-Century Supply Chain. spotlight An d here, with all the credibility that track record conferred on us, we were proposing an ambitious new suite of IT solutions intimately-nighthing, too, for which the company had little appetite. It had been just 20 months since Whirlpool North America had flipped the electric switch on a massive new ERP system, with less than desired effect. Normally, Whirlpool ships close to 70,000 appliances a day to North American customers.The day after we went live with SAP, we were able to ship about 2,000. A barrage of bad press followed. Even though the situation was soon righted (SAP remains a valued first mate), the consume of being treated as a sort of poster child for ERP folly had left scars. So imagine our relief when we perceive the first component part say yes. It was the executive who headed up sales to Sears. Paul and I looked anxiously to the next face, and the next. The heads of our KitchenAid, Whirlpool, and value brands followed suit-a watershed, entrustn that the fun ding would view as to come from their budgets.I could see that J. C. Anderson, my political boss and senior vice president of operations, was happy, too. He had tried to voice his support at the beginning of the meeting, still Mike Todman had asked him to wait. Now that it was his turn to vote, he did it with a fiourishI am fully committed,he say,to moving our supply chain from a liability to a recognized competitive advantage. Only after Todman had heard from everyone in the room brands, sales, finance, human resources, and operations-did he cast his vote. cost. Sales had risen to record takes in 2000 as our launch of well-nigh nnovative products coincided with an uptick in housing starts. With the stay put of the company chugging on all cylinders, there was only one thing holding us back our supply chain. Jeff called me into his office and gave me a two-word order heap it. If that constitutes a mandate, we had one. just it was up to us to figure out what fixing the sup ply chain would entail. At the legislate level, of course, its a fair formulation getting the right product to the right place at the right time all the time. That gets complicated very quickly, however, when you consider the scale of the challenge.Whirlpool makes a diverse pass of washers, dryers, refrigerators, dishwashers, and ovens, with manufacturing facilities in 13 countries. We sell those appliances in lOO countries, through retailers big and small and to the construction companies and developers that build new homes. In the United States alone, our logistics network consists of eight factory distri providedion centers, ten regional distribution centers, 60 local distribution centers, and nearly 20,000 retail and contract customers. M We needed to formulate a battle innovation that would include new information technology, processes, roles, and talents. however before we could begin to imagine those, we needed to define our st cropgy. Looking to the future, what would i t mean to be world-class in supply chain performance? The decision we made at this very early point in the process was, 1 think, a pivotal one. We mulish that we could answer that question only by focusing on customer With that last yes, the tension broke, and everyone was requirements first. Our approach to developing our supsmiling and nodding. Paul and I had a good sense of triumphply chain strategy would be to start with the last link-the but withal trepidation.Because now, we knew, there could consumer-and proceed backward. be no excuses. We were on the hook to deliver few serious value. Its an obvious thought, isnt it? Fxcept that it wasnt. The overwhelming tendency in a manufacturing organization is to think about the supply chain as something Devising the Strategy that originates with the supply base and moves precedent. Its understandable This is the part of the chain over y responsibility at Whirlpool today is for the which the company has control. But the unfortunate performance of the globular supply chain.But effect is that supply chain initiatives typically run out of in 2001,1 was focused only on North America, steam before they get to their end point-and real point. and I was utterly new to the supply chain organization. Whether or not they make customers lives easier be(I had come into the company a few years earlier to lead comes an afterthought. its e-business efforts. ) By contrast, Paul Dittmann, the vice president of supply chain strategy, was a Whirlpool vetUnderstanding Customers Needs. If you start with the eran with a tenure spanning a can century. ustomer, the customer cant be an afterthought. The way I expressed this to my colleagues was to say,Strategic relOur buss were cast unitedly in October 2000 by Jeff Fetevance is all from the consumer back. And conveniently, tig. Jeff is now Whirlpools chairman and CEO, but at the we had new research to consult on the subject of contime he was president and COO and he was good and sumer needs. Whirlpool and Sears had recently engaged threadbare of hearing about spotty service and high logistics Boston Consulting Group to study consumers desires Reuben E.Slone emailprotected com) is the with regard to appliance delivery. The top-line finding vice president of Global Supply Chain at Whirlpool Corpo- was that people value what I call delivery with integrity. That is, your ability to get it there fast is important, but ration in Benton Harbor, Michigan. 116 HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Leading a Supply Chain Tux*naround not as important as your ability to get it there when you said you would. Give a date, hit a date is what theyre asking for. This sounded familiar to me, coming from the automotive industry.In my previous position at General Motors, Id been involved in several studies that emphasized the psychology of delivery date commitments. Identifying Trade Partners Priorities. Moving upstream, we needed to understand the desires of our direct customers split. We conducted our own interviews to define requirements by segment. As well as looking at smaller retailers versus larger ones, we focused individually on Sears, Lowes, and Best Buy, our three biggest customers. And within the contract-builder market, we studied many subdivisions, from contract distributors and flatcar developers to ingle-family-home builders. We asked about their overall availability requirements, their preferences in communicating with us, and what they would like to see along the lines of e-business. We asked about inventory management and how they might want Whirlpool to answer in it. In all, we discovered 27 different proportions along which our performance was being judged, each varying in importance according to the customer. Benchmarking the Competition. Naturally, our customers expectations and perceptions were shaped in large part by what others in our industry were doing.So we benchmarked our competitors-primarily GE, which was our biggest rival. We ob tained cross-industry information and competitive intelligence from AMR, Gartner, and Forrester Research to make sure we had a broad and objective sagacity of supply chain capabilities. Then we mapped out what would be considered world-class (versus sufficient or transitional) performance for each of the 27 capabilities and how much it would cost us to delve that top level. It turned out that to prevail on every front would require a nitty-gritty investment of much than $85 million, which we knew wasnt feasible.It was time to get serious about priorities. Now that we had established the cost of world-beating performance, we asked ourselves For each capability, what improvement could we accomplish at a low investOCTOBER 2004 ment level, and at a medium level? We quickly staked out the areas where a relatively small investment would yield supremacy, usually due to an active strength. A few areas we simply decided to cede. Our plan was to meet or beat the competition in most areas , at minimum cost. Building for the Future. Strategy, of course, does not simply address the needs of the moment.It anticipates the challenges of the future. A final component of our supply chain strategy was identifying the probable range of future operating scenarios based on industry, economic, and technological trends. The point was to assure ourselves that our proposal was fat enough to withstand these various scenarios. To date, the planning has worked. Having set a course, weve been able to deal with situations we hadnt conceived of and to continue evolving in the alike(p) basic direction. Selling the Revolution I ts always a difficult decision-when to involve your internal customers in the planning of a major capital investment.Their time is scarce, and they typically 117 HBR T h e Spotlight Chain. dont want to be embroiled in the details of what you, after all, are getting paid to do. You must have your act together and have a solid plan to which they can respond. On the other hand, you cant be so far along in the process that youve become inflexible. You need to nurture a careful balance between seeking their guidance and selling your vision. Paul and 1 liked to think we had that mandate from Jeff Fettig to get the supply chain fixed. But it wasnt the frame of mandate that comes with a blank check.Like most well-managed companies, Whirlpool will not undertake a capital investment without a have business case. As a cost center in the company, we had to justify our project wholly on expense reductions and working capital improvements. Even if we viewd that better product availability would boost sales, we couldnt count those chickens in the business case. We spent an enormous amount of time talking with the brand general managers and others who would be needed. They said they had nothing more to add. But we persisted. I cogitate telling Paul, If they wont let us in the door, well go through the window.And if they lock the window, theres always the air vent. Along the way, wed been particularly concerned about cherry-picking. We knew that, in a company of smart businesspeople, the first reaction to a multimillion-dollar price tag would be, OK, what can I get for 80% of that score? And indeed, from a project management standpoint, we knew it was important to break out each component of the plan into a stand-alone initiative, reassert by its own business case. Yet we knew the whole thing came together as a sort of basket weave, with each part supporting and relying on multiple other parts.What helped here was our competitive analysis, in which we had plotted our capability levels against others. We charted our current position against our number one competitor on each dimension valued by customers, then extrapolated to show how, depending on the level We staked out the areas where a relatively small investment would yield supremacy, usually due to an existing strength. affected by the changes we were proposing. The Japan ese call this kind of consensus-building nemawashi (literally, it means root binding), and it is im thinkable to overstate its importance.Yet it is often neglected in the midst of a complex project. Note that, at the same time we needed to be meeting with key decision makers, we were also in the thick of the analysis and soma of the solution. In those early months, the project needed leadership in two directions the kind of work people typically refer to as needing a Mr. at bottom and Mr. Outside. I made sure we had sufficient consulting resources for the inside work while Paul and I devoted 50% of our time to the out-of-door work interfacing with the trade, outside experts, and internal stakeholders.In our initial meetings with these key people, wed essentially say, Heres what were doing. What do you think? Typically,the executive would half pay attention, half blow us off. But wed get some input. In a second meeting, wed show how our work had evolved to incorporate their ide as and others. Usually, wed see more engagement at this point. By the time we were asking for a three meeting, reactions were mixed. People were more or less on board, but some felt another meeting wasnt 118 of investment, we could overtake that company or allow the hoo-hah to widen.Sure enough, the competitive instincts of our colleagues kicked in. No one wanted to fall behind. Getting Focused O ne of the earliest successes in the retroversion of Whirlpools supply chain was the rollout of a new sales and operations planning (S&OP) process. Our previous planning environment had been inadequate. What passed for planning tools didnt go far beyond Excel spreadsheets. Now, we had the ability to pull together the long-term and short-term perspectives of marketing, sales, finance, and manufacturing and produce forecasts that all the participants could base their game plans on.We soon pushed our forecasting capability further by launching a CPFR pilot. The acronym stands for collaborati ve planning, forecasting, and replenishment, with the coaction happening across different companies within a supply chain. The idea is straightforward. Traditionally, we forecast how many appliances we will sell through a trade partner (Sears, for example) to a given HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW Leading a Supply Chain TumarouiuL market And at the same time, that trade partner develops its own forecast.Each of us has some information that the other lacks. With CPFR, we use a Web-based tool to share our forecasts (without sharing the sensitive data behind them), and we collaborate on the exceptions. As simple as it sounds, it isnt easy to pull off. But we have, and its been a real home run. Within 30 days of launch, our forecast accuracy error was cut in half. Where we had close to 100% error (which isnt hard, given the small quantities involved in forecasting individual SKUs for specific warehouse locations), today were at about 44% or 45%.To put this in perspective, a one-point improve ment in forecast accuracy across the board reduces our total finished goods position by several million dollars. These were just two of many initiatives we launched in rapid succession after May 2001. A couple things were absolutely critical to keeping them all on track a highly disciplined project management office and stringent performance metrics. The key was to think big but focus relentlessly on near-term deadlines. We organized the change effort into 30-day chunks, with three new capabilities, or business releases, rolling out monthly-some on the supply side, some on the demand side.The job of the project management office was to ensure the completion of projects on time, on budget, and on benefit. Paul oversaw this for me. Also keeping us honest were new metrics and the man 1 brought in to enforce them. My colleague bottom Kerr, now general manager of quality for the North America division, was then in charge of Whirlpools Six Sigma program. Hes a real black belt when it co mes to performance management. It took some persuading, aimed at both John and the North American leadership team, before he was freed up and allowed to dedicate himself to the supply chain turnaround.But we absolutely needed his data-driven perspective. When one of my team would say, We need to take this action tofixthis issue, John would always counter with,Please show me the data that allowed you to draw that conclusion. Were these demands sometimes a source of irritation? Id be lying if 1 said they werent. But they forced all of us to rebuild the metric fact base and hone our problem-solving skills. By the third quarter of 2001, we had already done a lot to stabilize product availability and reduce overall supply chain costs.And, after a challenging fourth quarter, we took a huge step forward by implementing a suite of software products from i2, which specializes in supply chain integration tools. That was in January 2002. Six months later. Whirlpool had historic low inventorie s and a bear on high service level. Before the year was out, we were delivering very near our design of 93% availability across ail brands and products. (Momentum has since carried us OCTOBER 2004 well into the mid-nineties. ) We delivered slightly more than promised by reducing finished goods working capital by 10% and improving total cost productivity by 5. 1%.Our customers were voicing their approval. By May 2002, a blind Internet survey given to our trade partners showed us to be most improved,easiest to do business with, and most progressive. I remember that after these results came out, our VP of sales said, Youre good nowbut more important, youre consistently good. It was a turning point in the trades perception of Whirlpool. Engaging Talent I ve touched on the state-of-the-art technologies weve employed in our turnaround-the Web-based collaboration tools, the planning software, i2s rocket-science optimization-but let me correct any impression that this is a tory about te chnology. More than anything. Whirlpools supply chain turnaround is a talent renaissance. Its sometimes hard for us to remember how demoralized this 3,000-person organization had become. In 2000, many people in supply chain roles had been with the company for years and had watched in frustration as competitors outspent and outperformed us. Part of the problem was the massive effort required by the ERP implementation. As an early adopter of enterprise systems in our industry (SAP and other vendors got their start with process-manufacturing concerns like industrial chemicals).Whirlpool had bitten off a lot. With limited attention and resources to spare, it put other projects on hold. We took our eye off the ball in supply chain innovation and fell behind. As a newcomer, I tried to inject some fresh energy into the organization and give people a reason to be confident Paul Dittmann told me this project gave him a second race wind. Hes a brilliant guy, with a PhD in operations researc h and industrial engineering, and suddenly, he had the opportunity to innovate in ways he had only dreamed of in his first 20 years at the company.Other people benefited from changes to how we develop, assess, and reward talent. With help from Michigan State University and the American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS), we developed a supply chain aptitude model. This is essentially an outline of the skills required in a top-tier organization, the roles in which they should reside, and how they need to be developed over time. And we created a new banding system, which expanded the allowance levels in the organization. Now people can be rewarded for increasing their expertise even if they are not being promoted into supervisory roles. 19 The 21st-century Supply Chain We also put a heavy emphasis on developing peoples project management skills. Here, we relied on a model developed by the intercommunicate Management Institute (PMI), a sort of standard for assessing a nd enhancing an organizations project management capabilities. I wanted as many supply chain professionals as possible to become PMI-certified, and not just because of the glut of projects we were facing at the moment. My view is that project managements disciplined planning and execution is just as vital to on-going operations management.After all, the only real difference between running an operation and running a project is the due date of the deliverable. Over time, my operating staff stopped dismissing project management as a lot of overhead from a former management consultant and car guy. Now theyre the ones insisting on things like project charters and weekly project reviews. Meanwhile, we hired at least(prenominal) 13 new people on the business side and at least as many more on the information systems side, and I made sure that every one of them was top-notch.To fill out our project management ranks, we recruited little people from companies with strong supply chains and from premier operations-oriented MBA programs like Michigan State and the University of Tennessee. Perhaps we were lucky that our talent drive coincided with a downturn in the consulting industry. On the other hand, it might have been the excitement of a turnaround situation that drew the best and brightest to Whirlpool. Finally, I wasnt so arrogant as to believe that my senior team and 1 didnt need development ourselves. We assembled a supply chain advisory board and chartered its members to keep challenging us.The group includes academics forefather Bowersox of Michigan State and Tom Mentzer of the University of Tennessee, and practitioners Ralph Drayer (the Procter & Gamble executive who pioneered Efficient Consumer Response) and Larry Sur (who mastered transportation and warehouse management in a long career at Schneider National and GENCO). Get a group like this together, and you can count on creative sparks flying. These experts keep us on our toes in a way no consulting firm could. Sustaining Momentum refrigerators, washing machines, and other products that appeal to a broad range of consumers.They are the equivalent of a supermarkets milk and nut running out of them has a disproportionately negative impact on customers perceptions. Were now formulating a supply chain strategy that allows us to identify these SKUs across all of our trade partners in all of our channels and to ensure that the replenishment system for our regional warehouses keeps them in stock. That constitutes the plan to sell part of the program. At the same time, for our smallest-volume SKUs, we are taking out all the inventory and operating on a pure pull basis, with a new, more flexible build-toorder process. The inventory avings on the small-volume SKUs helps offset the costs of stocking up on the highvolume SKUs. Were also working on the capability to set service levels by SKU. That is, instead of having one availability target for all our products, we are recognizing that some products are of greater strategic importance than others. Some of them, for instance, are more profitable. Some hold a unique place in our brand strategy. Again, its easy to grasp the value of being able to vary service levels accordingly. But in a sprawling business like ours, shipping thousands of different SKUs daily, its a very difficult thing to accomplish.We continue to develop new Web-based tools. Recently, weve been focused on system-to-system transactions, in which our system talks immediately to a customers system for purposes of transmitting orders, exchanging sales data, and even submitting and paying invoices. Weve rolled out this capability with a number of trade partners over the past i8 months. At the same time, we keep enhancing our Partner Store, which allows customers to check availability and place orders via the Internet. The site allows them to find near equivalents of models, for those times when a SKU is out of stock or retired. They can even find deals on o bsolete inventory.By the time this article appears in print, well also have implemented event-management technology, which will allow us to be more on top of the movement of goods through the supply chain. An event manager provides an alert whenever an action in the process has taken place-for example, when a washer is prankish into a container in Schomdorf, when that container full of washers is loaded onto a ship in Rotterdam, when the ship departs, when the ship arrives, when the container is drop off from the ship in Norfolk, when the container leaves the port via truck, and, finally, when the washer is unloaded at the Findlay, Ohio, warehouse.The result is that peoples attention is directed to what needs to be done. Well also be further along in our application of HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW T 120 hree years into the project now, we continue to assign ourselves and deliver three new capabilities per month. This doesnt get simpler over time, either. As I write this, for example, w ere focused on something we call Plan to Sell/Build to Order. Here, the notion is that certain high-volume SKUs should never be out of stock. These are the heart-ofthe-line dishwashers. .lading a Supply Chain Turnaround ean techniques (usually associated with manufacturing operations) to our total supply chain. This involves using pull concepts and kanbanlike triggers to speed up processes, reduce inventory, and enhance customer service. On the Hoz4zon W hirlpool has much to show for its supply chain efforts. By the end of 2003, our product availability had reached over 93%, up from 88. 3% in 2001. (Today its more than 95%. ) That allowed us to attain an order fill rate for key trade partners of over 96%. The number of days worth of finished goods we were holding in inventory had dropped from 32. 8 to just 26.We drove freight and storage total cost productivity from 4% to 7. 2%. From 2002 to 2003, we lowered working capital by almost $100 million and supply chain costs by almost $ 20 million. Does all this add up to value in excess of the expense our leadership team approved? Absolutely. In fact, total payback on that original investment occurred within the first two years. Still, our work is far from finished. In October 2001, just months after we kicked off our turnaround, we were fortunate in that the new executive vice president brought in to run Whirlpools North America region had deep supply chain knowledge.Dave Swift, who came to us from Kodak, believes strongly in the strategic importance of the supply chain both for building brands and for creating sustainable competitive advantage. Immediately after joining us, he elevated our sales and operations planning process by personally chairing monthly executive S&OP meetings. These meetings have become the model for the company and the basis for much of our just-started global supply chain efforts. In the future, well face greater demands for end-toend accountability. Were already responsible for the resal e of any returns. Soon well be accountable for the disassembly of products in Europe.Its only a upshot of time before similar laws are enacted in the United States. And well be taking an even closer look at the design of the products themselves. If we can design a productOCTOBER 2004 make it in a smaller plant, make it with smaller parts, ship it in smaller pieces we can dramatically affect supply chain economics. Its great to improve forecasts, optimize transportation, and speed up our processes with existing SKUs. But what if we could push the end stages of production closer to the consumer and get higher leverage from those SKUs? Thats the kind of thing that can change the rules of the game.Its a wonderful thing about our business We have fierce competition all over the world, and on top of that we have very smart trade partners who deal with numerous other suppliers. We may be a white goods, big box supplier, but because our customers also buy electronics and apparel and so o n, were constantly being challenged by the benchmarks of other, more nimble industries. Technologies continue to evolve, channel power continues to shift, and the bar is constantly being raised. But Im confident that the talent in Whirlpools supply chain organization will be equal to it all. Reprint RO4IOG To order, see page 159. 121

Qualitative Analysis of Anions Essay

The objective of this experiment was to use qualitative analysis to determine the chemical substance characteristics of four known anions by systemic collateral testing. The chemical characteristics observed were to be used to identify an unknown model. Sulphuric acid was to be added to a carbonate ancestor and an effervescent reaction would confirm the forepart of carbonate anions. Another essay of carbonate firmness was to be reacted with hydrochloric acid and the gaseous harvest-feast was to be reacted with a suspend drop of barium carbonate. The front line of clouding in the droplet would also confirm the movement of carbonate anions. smooth nitrate was to be added to chloride upshot and the formation of a ashen flow, ash grey chloride, would confirm the charge of chloride anions. Ammonium hydroxide would be added to dissolve part of the precipitate.The resultant supernatant beginning was to be decanted and re-acidified with nitric acid to reform the precipitate a nd definitively confirm the presence of the chloride anion. Silver nitrate was to be added to iodide event and the formation of a yellow-bellied precipitate, silverish iodide, would confirm the presence of iodide anions. Another strain of iodide solution was to be reacted with drops of acetic acid until suitablely acidic. Potassium nitrate was to be added to the solution causing a colour flip-flop. Methylene chloride was to be added to this sample and shaken to confirm the presence of iodide anions by forming two separate and differently coloured levels. A barium chloride-calcium chloride garland was to be added to sulphate solution and heated to 90oC. The sample was to stand for a period of time to allow the formation of awhite precipitate, barium sulphate, sustain the presence of the sulphate anion. The extension of hydrochloric acid and subsequent passion were to devour no effect on the presence, further corroborate the presence of sulphate anions.MATERIALS AND METH ODSEQUIPMENTCHEMICALS turn out thermionic vacuum tubesCarbonate Solution,Test tube rackConcentrated Sulphuric acid, H2SO4Eye dropper6M Hydrochloric acid, HCLGraduated pipetteBarium hydroxide solution Ba(OH)2Pipette medulla oblongataChloride solution, Cl-Pasteur pipetteIodide solution, I-Beaker0.1M Silver nitrate, AgNO3ThermometerConcentrated Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH6M Nitric acid, HNO36M Acetic acid. HC2H3O2Potassium nitrate, KNO2Methylene chloride solution, CH2Cl2Sulphate solution,Barium chloride-Calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2 terra incognita exemplification 7 sentry dutyCarbonate solution is hazardous in shield of skin ghost (sensitizer, irritant), of eye make (irritant), inhalation (lung irritant), and ingestion. It should be kept in a cool, well-ventilated area. In cause of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste temperament container and neutralize the resi cod with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Hydrochloric acid is very hazardous in slick of skin contact (sensitizer, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (corrosive, irritant), of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract irritant), and ingestion (toxic). It should be kept in a dry container, kept away from oxidizing agents, organic materials, metals, alkalis, and moisture. In case of spill, dilute with water and wipe with an unbiassed dry material. residue should be neutralized with dilute sodium carbonate. Chloride solution is hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), ingestion, and inhalation (irritant).In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material and spread water on the contaminated surface. Iodide solution is lightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste judicature container. And spread water on the contaminated surface. Silver nitrate is very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation, and ingestion.. Silver nitrate kept away from heat, sources of ignition, and combustible material. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Ammonium hydroxide is very hazardous in case of skin contact (toxic, corrosive, irritant, permeator), eye contact (irritant), inhalation (toxic to upper respiratory tract), and ingestion (toxic). pissing should never be added to ammonium hydroxide and it should be kept away from incompatibles such as metals, acids. In case of spill, dilute with water and mop with inert dry material.Neutralize residue with dilute acetic acid. Nitric acid is very hazardous incase of skin contact (corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant, corrosive), and ingestion. It is slightly hazardous in case of inhalation (lung sensitizer, respiratory tract and m ucus membrane irritant). Nitric acid is explosive in the presence of trim back materials, of organic materials, of metals, of alkalis. In case of spill, dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate. Acetic acid is very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. It is hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of eye contact (corrosive). It should be kept away from sources of heat, ignition, and oxidizing material. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry, and neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.Potassium nitrite is highly hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive, irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, and inhalation. In case of spill, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container. Potassium nitrite should be kept dry, away from sources of ignition, heat, and combustible materials. Methylene chloride is very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation, and skin contact (irritant, permeator). In case of spill dilute with water and mop with an inert dry material. Sulphate solution is hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), skin contact (irritant), and ingestion. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water, and c all over area with an emollient. In case of spill, Dilute with water, mop with an inert dry material spread water on the contaminated surface. ( loreLab, 2005)PROCEDUREPlease refer to Lab 3 Qualitative compend fiber 2- Anions chemistry Laboratory Manual 2013-2014, Durham College, pages 11-12 for full list of Materials and Methods.OBSERVATIONSTable 1a Testing for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions2 drops strong H2SO4 added, Test tube shaken extensional ObservationsCarbonate Solution, 3mLeffervescence seen as colourless gas rises from quarter of test tube test tub efeels much warmer, upon wafting the gas has a mildly unpleasant, acerb smell The presence of an effervescent reaction indicated that the sample had carbonate anions present.Table 1b Testing for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 to confirm the presence of CO32- anions2 drops 6M HCl1 drop BaOH suspended over test tubeCarbonate Solution, 3mLsmall amount of effervescence notedabout 5 seconds after creation suspended over test tube, the base of the droplet clouded with white precipitate The access of HCl to the sample resulted in some rising gas bubbles, indicated that a gas was being formed. The clouding of the barium hydroxide droplet indicated it was reacting with carbon dioxide escaping the tube and thus substantiate the presence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 2 Testing and confirming for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 addedNH4OH is added drop-wiseSupernatant solution is decanted,6M HNO3 is addedChloride Solution, 5mL ambiguous white precipitate f ormedprecipitate partially dissolved upon addition, distinct forgive supernatant formed above remaining precipitate cloudy white precipitate reformed, small white granulations settled at bottom of test tube 6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, were added to the sample 6 drops of the nitric, HNO3, were added to acidify the sample The formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample had chloride anions present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample resulted in the reformation of a cloudy whit precipitate, thus confirming the presence of chloride anions. Table 3a Testing for the presence of Iodide, I- anions5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 addedIodide Solution, 5mLcloudy pale yellow precipitate formedThe presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 3b Testing and confirming the presence of Iodide, I- anionsAcetic acid is added drop-wise2 drops KNO2 added15 d rops Methylene chloride added, test tube shakenIodide Solution, 5mLBlue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-brown colour2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish magenta, and the top layer was a burnt-orange colour 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-brown colour. The addition of the methylene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present.Table 4 Testing and confirming the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture addedTest tube heated, stood for 10 minutes5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heatedSulphate Solution, 3mLvery faint wisps of cloudy white precipitate appearednoticeable cloudy white precipitate distri onlyed throughout solution addition of HCl made test tube feel warmafter heating test tube precipitate remained dispersed in solution In each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a boil water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The reaction of the sulphate solution with the barium chloride-calciumchloride solution, when heated, resulted in the mien of a fine white precipitate, indicating the sample had sulphate anions present. The subsequent addition of HCl and reheating resulting in the solution remaining relatively the same further confirmed that sulphate anions were present. Table 5a Testing for Unknown Sample 7 for the presence of Carbonate, CO32- anions2 drops concentrated H2SO4 added, Test tube shakenAdditional ObservationsUnknown Sample 7, 3mLno visible effervescenceno noticeable change to test tubes temperatureThe lack of effervescence and heat produced by the sample indicated the absence of carbonate anions in the sample. Table 5b Testing Unknown Sample for presence of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 to confirm the presence of CO32- anions2 drops 6M HCl1 drop BaOH suspended over test tubeUnknown Sample 7, 3mLno noticeable effervescencesuspended droplet remained clear, despite being held over test tube for 15 seconds The sample did not react with the hydrochloric acid to produce a gas that reacted with the barium hydroxide, thus the suspended droplet remained clear. The results further confirmed the absence of carbonate anions. Table 6 Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Chloride, Cl- anions5 drops 0.1M AgNO3 addedNH4OH is added drop-wiseSupernatant solution is decanted,6M HNO3 is addedUnknown Sample 7, 5mLpale yellow precipitate formedno change to solutionno change to solution6 drops of ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, were added to the sample Nitric acid, HNO3, was unable to be added to the precipitate as no clear supernatant was formed The lack of formation of a cloudy white precipitate in the presence of silver nitrate indicated that the sample did not have chloride ani ons present. The subsequent addition of ammonium and re-acidification of the sample were rendered purposeless. Table 7a Testing Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I- anions5 drops 0.1M AgNo3 addedUnknown Sample 7, 5mLcloudy pale yellow precipitate formedThe presence of a cloudy yellow precipitate with silver nitrate indicates presence of iodide anion. Table 7b Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Iodide, I- anionsAcetic acid is added drop-wise2 drops KNO2 added15 drops Methylene chloride added, test tube shakenUnknown Sample, 5mLBlue Litmus Paper confirmed the solution was acidic by turning red solution turned a mustard-orange colour2 distinct layers formed in the test tube. The bottom layer was reddish-purple, and the top layer was an orange-brown 2 drops of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, were added to acidify sample Upon confirming the sample was indeed acidic, it reacted with the potassium nitrate to change to a mustard-orange colour. The addition of the methy lene chloride formed 2 distinctly coloured layers, thus confirming that the solution had iodide anions present. Table 8 Testing and confirming Unknown Sample for the presence of Sulphate SO42- anions0.5mL of BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture addedTest tube heated, stood for 10 minutes5 drops 6M HCl, test tube heatedUnknown Sample, 3mLno precipitate formedno noticeable precipitate formedno change to solutionIn each instance of heating, the test tube was placed in a stewing water bath at 90oC The final heating of the test tube was for approximately 5minutes at 90oC The lack of precipitate formation in the test indicated that the sample was absent of sulphate anions. This result was further confirmed by the subsequent addition of hydrochloric acid and reheating failing to produce a precipitate.DISCUSSIONA strengthened acid such as H2SO4, sulphuric acid, combined with carbonate produces an effervescent reaction due to the formation of carbon dioxide. The heat felt from the test tube was a result of the exothermic reaction that the carbonate solution underwent in the presence of a strong acid. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, but only for the first H, so it dissociates into H+ ion and the bisulfate ion, HSO4-. HSO4- is a weak acid and does not dissociate to a great extent, but it also reacts with carbonate (Dartmouth College, 2003). The presence of sulphur may have accounted for the mildly unpleasant scent wafted during the experiment. As indicated by the results of Table 1b, the formation of CO2 acted as a positive index for the presence of CO32- in a solution, as expressed by 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g).The exposure of the produced gas, carbon dioxide, to barium hydroxide resulted in the a cloudy white precipitate due to the formation of barium carbonate as expressed by H2O (l) + CO2 (aq) + Ba2+(aq) BaCO2 (s) + 2 H+(aq). The addition of 01M AgNO3, silver nitrate, to the chloride solution resulted in the formation of a white precipitate due to the formation of silve r chloride as expressed by AgNO3 (aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + NO3 (g). It is interesting to note that chlorides are generally soluble, with the exception of lead(II) and silver chloride. When concentrated NH4OH was added to the silver chloride precipitate dissolved due to the formation of an ammine complex, Ag(NH3)2+. Silver nitrate is generally acidified with dilute nitric acid to prevent the downfall of other non-halide silver salts (Brown, 2012).Nitric acid acidified the solution due to the addition of H+ ions to the solution, resulting in re-precipitation, thus definitively indicating the presence of chloride anions. This is expressed as AgCl(s) +2NH3(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq) AgCl(s) + 2NH4+(aq) The addition of 0.1M AgNO3 to the iodide solution resulted in the formation of a cloudy yellow precipitate as expressed by AgNO3(aq) + I- AgI(s), which as a precipitate is indissoluble in concentrated ammonia. The addition of 6M acetic acid, HC2H3O2 , acidified the solution, as confirmed by the litmus test. The newly acidic solution reacted with potassium nitrite, KNO2, reducing the nitrite to nitrogen dioxide as expressed by I-(aq) + KNO2 KI(aq) + NO2(g). The liberation of iodine in the reaction resulted in a brownish change in colouration of the solution (SUNY Chemisty, 2005). The failure of the sample to turn a reddish-brown may have been a source of error due to a failure to sufficiently rinse the cleaned test tube with DI water.Methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, which is a non-polar organic compound was added to the solution reacted with the iodide in the solution to form a violet coloured layer of denser solution, which settled at the bottom of the test tube. An substitute means of testing for the presence of iodide anions would have been to use starch, which forma a characteristic blue-black complex. The addition of the barium chloride-calcium chloride mixture, BaCl2-CaCl2, to the sulfate solution resulted in the formation of an insoluble white sulphate, barium sulphate as expressed by Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s). Other insoluble barium salts contain anions of weak acids (CO32-, SO32-and PO43-). Precipitation of these anions is generally prevented by acidifying the solution (Yoder, 2014). The products of the reaction were made more prominent by the catalyzing the reaction with heat, resulting in a more noticeably fine white precipitate distributed throughout the solution.The addition of 6M HCl, hydrochloric acid, served to acidify the solution, further illustrating the insolubility of the barium sulfate precipitate, thereby confirming the presence of sulphate anions. The unknown sample was placed through all confirmatory tests. It failed to react with Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid to produce an effervescent reaction, indicating it was carbonate absent. Unknown Sample 7 did not react with the BaCl2-CaCl2 mixture to form a precipitate regardless of heat, indicating the absence of sulphate anions . Unknown Sample 7 formed a pale cloudy yellow precipitate upon the addition of silver nitrate, immediately indicating the presence of iodide anions, disqualifying the need to testfurther for chloride. The addition of acetic acid to Unknown Sample 7 provide a sufficient acidic environment for the potassium nitrate to release iodine, thus the solution appeared as a dark mustard orange. The methylene chloride confirmed the presence of iodide anion when a distinct reddish-purple layer settled at the bottom of another distinctly coloured layer of solution.CONCLUSIONBased on the results of the experiment, Unknown Sample 7 demonstrated the formation of a precipitate in the presence silver nitrate, a change in colouration when mixed with potassium nitrate, and the formation of 2 distinctly coloured layers when methylene chloride was added to the solution and shaken. In accordance with the chemical properties exhibited by the 4 known anions during the qualitative testing, it can be conclude d the Unknown Sample 4 clearly demonstrated the characteristic chemical responses of a solution with I- ions present.QUESTIONS1. An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron to form a charged particle.2. An anion is a negatively charged particle due to the atom gaining one or more electrons. A cation is a positively charged particle due to the atom losing one or more electrons.3. H2SO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)4a. Aluminum ion Group IIIA, Al3+4b. Sulphur ion Group VIA, S2-4c. Iodide ion Group VIIA, I-4d. Oxygen ion Group VIA, O2-4e. Chloride ion Group VIIA, Cl-REFERENCESBirk, J. P. (2001, December 4). General interpersonal chemistry With Qualitative Analysis. Retrieved from Arizona State University http//www.public.asu.edu/jpbirk/qual/qual.html Brown, W. (2012). Chemical Tests. Retrieved from Doc Browns Chemistry http//www.docbrown.info/page13/ChemicalTests/ChemicalTestsa.htm DartmouthCollege. (2003, May). ChemLab Chapter 5. Retrieved from Qualitative Analysis of Cations http//www.dartmouth.edu/chemlab/chem3-5/qual_an/overview/procedure.html ScienceLab. (2005, October 10). Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) List. Retrieved from Science Lab http//www.sciencelab.com/msdsList.php SUNY Chemisty. (2005, December). Anion Analysis. Retrieved from Chemistry 112 http//employees.oneonta.edu/kotzjc/LAB/Anion.pdf Tro, N. J. (2011). Essential Introductory Chemistry (4th ed.). Toronto Prentice Hall. White, R. (2013-2014). Qualitative Analysis Part 2- Anions. Chemistry 1 Laboratory Manual, 7-9. Yoder, C. (2014, November). Qualitative Analysis of CAans and Anions. Retrieved from Wired Chemist http//www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-tutorials/qualitative-analysis