Aristotle slavery free essay sample

Aristotle believes that some people are by nature slaves. What Is his argument for that claim? Do you agree with Aristotle that a slave-holding society can be democratic? According to Aristotle, a slave is the property of its master, and that any piece of property can be regarded as a tool enabling a man to live. The slave, therefore, is a living tool of the master, whose purpose is to allow the master to live well. A slave belongs to a master, but a master doesnt belong to a slave. The rule of a master over a slave, then, is exercised with a view to the masters and the slaves goals or nterests. He represents slaves as a tool in his definition of slavery. Aristotle continues his definition of slave by explaining that those people who are slaves are naturally born as slaves and they are naturally the property of some one else. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle slavery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Those who are as different [from other men] as the soul from the body or man from beast and they are in this state if their work is the use of the body, and if this is the best that can come from them are slaves by nature. For he is a slave by nature who is capable of belonging to another which is also why he belongs to another nd who participates in reason only to the extent of perceiving it, but does not have it. Slaves are tools but they are alive and they belong to their masters. But when he widens his explanations about slavery, he states that all slavery instituted by human convention Is not compatible with Justice by saying the distinction between slave and free Is one of convention only, and In nature there Is no difference, so that this form of rule Is based on force and Is therefore not Just. Therefore, If someone Is not naturally born as a slave, it is unjust to refer him as a slave in his opinion. This critic of Aristotle means that if the slavery is built up my laws or is enforced by some particular communities; these are unjust because they are unnatural and they have no equivalency in nature. In his arguments, the people the laws treat as slaves and those they treat as free which coul d Justify the legal difference are indistinguishable. So, when Aristotle claims are scrutinized it is obvious to see that in some points Aristotle seems as accepting that some in fact, some legal methods which make people slaves are unjust. But he defends some dfferences between people and these differences make slavery Just. If legal slavery represents these Inherent differences It Is Just, but If It Is contrary to his then It Is totally unjust. Aristotle also states In Polltlcs that: the one strong for servile labor, the other upright, and although useless for such services, useful for political life in the arts both of war and peace. But the opposite often happensthat some have the souls and others have the bodies of freemen. And doubtless if men differed from one another in the mere forms of their bodies as uch as the statues of the Gods do from men, all would acknowledge that the inferior class should be slaves of the superior. It is clear, then, that some men are by nature free, and others slaves, and that for these latter slavery is both expedient and right. and this claim takes us to the point that distinguishing the differences among people. Also, there are some natural differences between people and these differences can Justify slavery or being someones living tool. Human beings are divided into groups according to different categorizations. The first partnerships among human eings would have been between persons who cannot exist without one another. There are two groups of people in this case; male and female for the sake of reproduction. and he continuous this discrimination by explaining the second partnership:the naturally ruling and ruled, on account of preservation. First, the ones who have less knowledge and who have more knowledge to manage with life. First group cannot properly exercise the practical virtues on their own and they have less chance to achieve the happiness. So, to treat someone as a living tool as Aristotle did, is not a complication to achieve the happiness. Furthermore, it is better to do so in order to give him the best possible use of that entity for the happiness. Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men and animals, the lower sort are by nature slaves, and it is better for them as for all inferiors that they should be under the rule of a master. For he who can be, and therefore is, anothers and he who participates in rational principle enough to apprehend, but not to have, such a principle, is a slave by nature. By looking all these things Aristotle indicates about slavery, still it is not valid to defense the existence of slavery no matter what. Because in Aristotle arguments he defends that to be a natural slave is better for a slave, but to decide such an important in a human beings life is not possible, therefore not valid or ethic. Because it is unknown that if someone really unable to sustain his life and achieve the happiness especially for a short time of period. People may give their whole life to achieve the happiness and they can reach this aim maybe at the end of their lives, nd die as a happy human being without being treated as a slave by someone elses orders. Aristotle claims that natural slaves are people Whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them. But by saying that he does not exactly mean not able to think or understand. Because if it was so that would be impossible for masters to expect all those things that slaves virtue is. But they are not the only one who are incapable to understand it, it is the majority of the society. Thus, if that would be an acceptable argument that, it would be necessary to agree that most people are incapable of true virtue and therefore they are all slaves which is impossible and completely absurd . Also another issue can be changed in a contrary way to what Aristotle claims. He distinguishes people as slaves and non-slaves, or the ruled ones and the rulers. But this grouping method can be collected in one group by using some techniques such as education. Even assuming that to be natural slave is natural and Just;it is quite logical to give a ualified education to group which includes the slaves and elevate them to the identical level as the rulers are. It is much beneficial to look for solutions rather than just categorizing people and treat them by some criteria without even questioning their rationality. Although the basic claims Aristotle makes, he is unable to explain not explain why some people are both weak and also have lack of knowledge and why some people are both strong and capable of knowledge. His arguments are also weak about why the children of natural slaves appears like natural rulers and how someone can ecome a slave even that not being captured in a war r how one can become a slave while he or she is the child of a natural master. When it is looked from different perspectives and from the society that we live in, all these reasons given above makes us to stand Just opposite to Aristotles thoughts and believing that it is unjust to enslave someone no matter what. Nobody is capable enough to decide whether someone has enough knowledge or not; or unable to sustain their lives and achieve the happiness, therefore it does not make any sense to try clarify the slavery is Just in todays conditions.

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays

Gross Anatomy Lab Report Essays Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Gross Anatomy Lab Report Paper Exercise 1: Muscles of the Head and Neck Data Table 1 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 3: Deltoid I Example: Abducts the arm I Frontally I Elevates eyebrows, draws scalp temporal Elevator Scapulae Extension of neck, Elevation and Rotation of Scapulae I Masters Elevation of mandible Vocabularies resiliences mouth, closes lips, protrudes lips Occipital I Retracts scalp, fixes gale penetration so frontally can act eyebrows. Orbicular calculi Sphincter of the eyelids, closes eyes for blinking, squinting and sleep; aids in flow of tears across eyes. Plasterboards lower lip and angle of mouth downward; aids in opening mouth widely. Supplies capitals Pillion and rotation of head, extend the head bilaterally Extraterritoriality Tilts head upward, Spirituality I Abducts the arm I Trapezium Abducts the scapulae Symptomatic Draws mouth upward and elevates upper lip Questions: A. List a muscle shown in Figures 3 and 4 that are prime movers/Zionists tort pivoting the head, The prime movers for pivoting the head are the trapeziums. B. List one prime mover/agonies for extension of the head. The prime mover/agonies for extension of the head is the sadomasochistic. C List one muscle that is the prime mover/agonies for depression of the mandible and list one muscle that is the antagonist for depression of the mandible. The one muscle that is the prime mover for the mandible is the masters. D. List one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling. The one muscle that is a prime mover for smiling is the masters. E. List one muscle that raises purr eyebrow as if you were questioning what someone said. The one muscle that raises your eyebrow is the orbicular occult. Exercise 2: Muscles of the Trunk Data Table 2 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 5 through 7. Delicatessens the arm External intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, expands thoracic cavity I External oblique Flexing tooth trunk Infiltrations Externally rotates the arm Internal intercessor muscles I Elevates ribs, depresses and retracts the ribs, compresses thoracic cavity I Ultimatums doors I Adducts humdrum, extends shoulder I Pectorals major Adducts, flexes and extends the arm Pectorals minor Depresses the scapulae Erects abdominal (under fascia) I Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column, producing bending at the waist. : I Rhomboid major Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm reenactments Rhomboid minor Retracts scapula, fixes scapula during arm movements Serrated internationalization and upward rotation Of the shoulder I Serrated posterior Elevates the ribs, rotates the trunk Spiritualists Internally rotates the arm Spirituality I Adducts the arm I Trees major Flexes and rotates the arm Trapezium I Moves the Scapula and supports the arm QUESTIONS A. List one muscle shown in Figures 5 through 7 that is a prime mover/agonies for adducting the arms. The muscles that are the prime movers tort adducting the arms are the trees major and minor. B. List one shoulder muscle that abducts the arm. One shoulder muscle that abducts the arm is the deltoids. C. Which muscle is the prime mover for shoulder flexing (upper arm moving toward the ear)? The muscle that is the prime mover for shoulder flexing is the rhomboids major and minor. D. List one antagonist for shoulder flexing. One antagonist for the should flexing is the sadomasochistic. E. What are the muscles between the ribs called? What do they do? The muscles between the ribs are called Serrated Anterior. They are responsible for protecting, stabilizing and moving the scapula. Exercise 3: Muscles of the upper Body Data Table 3 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 8-10. Ancones Extends elbow Biceps brachia I Flexing of the elbow and shoulder I Brachia I Flexing tot the elbow Aphrodisiacs Hexes elbow Acrobatically Flexes and horizontally the arm I Extensor Carpi radials longs Extends and Adducts the wrists Extensor Carpi radials brevets I Extensor digitized communism Extends the wrists Flexed Carpi radials Flexing and adducts the wrists Pollex Carpi lanais Flexing and Adducts the wrists InfraspinatuslModulates deltoid, rotates humeral Palmist longs Flexing of the Mist I Pronto trees Flexes elbow Trees minor Rotates hummers laterally Triceps brainlessness elbow, extends and adducts hummers A. List three agonies muscles that flex the elbow. Three agonies muscles that flex the elbow are the brachia, aphrodisiacs, and Pronto trees. B. List one antagonist for elbow flexing. An antagonist for elbow flexing is the triceps brachia. C. List two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist, Two muscles that flex the wrist and allow a human to make a fist are the Flexed Carpi Aralias and Flexed Carpi Lanais. D. List two muscles that allow extension of the purist and flaring of the fingers. Two muscles that allow extension of the wrist and flaring of the fingers are the extensor digit minim and extensor Carpi lanais_ E. List one muscle that allows suppuration of the hand and one muscle that allows probation of the hand. A muscle that allows suppuration of the hand is the suppuration muscle and one muscle that allows probation Of the hand is the pronto trees- Exercise 4: Muscles of the O. re Body Data Table 4 Movement(s) performed by each muscle for Figures 11-12. Adductor longs Adducts and flexes the hip Biceps femoral I Extension at the hip, flexing at the kneel Gastroenteritis Flexing of the kneel Glutens maximums Extension, External rotation, Adduction at this hip Glutens modularization and External Rotation at the hip. Glutens minimums Adduction and Internal Rotation at the hip, Grails Hexes and medially rotates tibia at kneel pestilence Hexes and adducts thigh I Promises Laterally rotates extended thigh, adducts flexed thigh Soak major Hexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Soak minor Flexes thigh at hip, flexes trunk at hip Quadrates femoral Laterally rotates thigh Quadrates lumbar Flexes the trunk Erects femoral Flexing of the hip and Extension of the kneel Sertorius I Pillion, External rotation and adduction at the hip Contemporaneous Extension of the Hip, Pillion of the kneel Sententiously Extension and internal rotation of the hip Coleus I Plantar flexes foot Tensor fascia late Extends knee, rotates tibia, abducts femur I Tibias anterior Directories and inverts foot Vistas laterals I Extension of the kneel Vistas medially Extension Of the kneel A. List one muscle that performed extension of the hip, The muscle that performed extension of the hip is the erects femoral. . Which muscle extends the knee and flexes the thigh? The muscle that extends the knee and flexes the thigh is the gastroenteritis, C. List one muscle that dormitories the toot. The muscle that directories the foot is the tibias anterior. D. Which three muscles extend the thigh and flex the knee? The three muscles that extend the thigh and flex the knee are the Erects femoral, status laterals and status medially. E. List three muscles that abduct the leg. Three muscles that abduct the leg are the glutens maximum, glutens minimums and the glutens mediums. Overview: Prepare tables similar to Data Tables 5 and 6 below to record your observations. Label F-usuries 13 and 14 in Data Tables 5 and 6. Figure 13 Anterior muscles of the human body Number Muscle I I Deltoid 21 Ultimatums Doors I 31 Pectorals Major 41 Biceps brachia 51 Brachia I 51 Aphrodisiacs I 71 Erects abdominal 81 Pronto trees gal. External oblique III Quadrates lumbar II I Adductor longs 121 Erects femoral 131 Tibias anterior Figure 14 Posterior muscles of the human body 1 Extraterritorialitys 21 trapezium 31 Rhomboids Major 41 Deltoid I 51 trees minor 61 triceps I 71 fellers of the hand 1 external oblique 91 glutens maximums Icily Biceps femoral 11 Semi tendentious 121 abductor magnums penitentiaries 14 stratospheric I Exercise 5: Identification and Dissection of Cat Muscles Match the muscles on the left with its function or description on the right C 1. Pectorals Major A. Extends the leg _ D _ 2. Aphrodisiacs B. Flexes the foot _l_ 3. Myeloid C. Adducts the arm -_A_ 4, Vistas Laterals D. Supplicates the hand H 5. Coleus E.

Article Analysis for Sony Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Analysis for Sony - Research Paper Example This study, thus, digs into the affiliation’s prospects and summarizes various pertinent underpinnings to identify the diverse implications associated with the affiliation. Moreover, it critiques the various effects of restructuring on the case of Sony to enhance the rationale behind them choosing to constantly restructure when it appears to be detrimental to its business prospects. Statement of the problem Sony is apparently the most popular firm in the Japanese and global arena of electronics market. Its aptitude to ingeniously link administration capabilities with the general innovative design has been widely renowned. Additionally, most of its top management and administration personnel have been overtly powerful and influential to its past prospects and successes. Regardless of the truth that most of these personnel were overtly aware of market transformations that would implicate on their affiliations’ business, they could not bear the contemporary upsurge implica ting on the worldwide economy. Since, it is, particularly, not invulnerable to the waves of revolution in the international economy, Sony has been on the rough ride in its business ventures and prospects to the present, unless a rectification measure is duly take to curtail the down surge in profitability and unfavourable market transformation (Robert, 1999). ... This turned out to implicate negatively on the R and D operations, a prospect that elicit significant losses in the outcome. Thus, this critical study concentrates on the Sony Corporation, a communication and electronic multinational affiliation that has been under numerous business restructuring initiatives to enable it fit into the market. Research Questions and Hypothesis With regard to this critical study, it is pertinent to note that various hypothetical prospects have been in utilization, research queries that enhance the reader’s ability to comprehend the actual conceptual underpinnings that relate to the critical study of Sony, a multinational giant in the electronics market whose prospects to restructure have elicited various detrimental implications in the market and also within its intrinsic organizational model. These hypotheses and queries encompass the need to comprehend the rationale behind the restructuring prospects of immensely coveted multinational affiliati ons, Sony Corporation being the major case in this study. Furthermore, the critique includes theoretical applications that seek to evaluate the repercussions and cost effectiveness of the constant restructuring of large international affiliation, Sony being the major. Additionally, the study aims to find out the implication of frequent transformations in an affiliation structure in response to alterations in within the business environment. In such a query, we seek to expound on the changes that implicated on Sony prospects, in terms of profitability and resultant performance. Eventually, the last hypothetical concern surrounds a critical study of the initiatives by multinational corporations within the electronics business challenges and the respective response (Robert, 1999). Review of the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

English - Essay Example In some instances, the symptoms come and go irregularly making predictions of the signs difficult. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the ages of ten and twenty-four years, mental illnesses lead to nearly all disabilities. Symptoms of mental illnesses are managed through medication or psychotherapy and some can be eliminated. In other people, the illness may make periodic occurrences meaning such people remain under treatment for their entire lives. The most common types of mental illnesses are schizophrenia disorders, mood disorders and anxiety disorders (Tulchinsky & Varavikova, 2009). Mentally Ill and Disabled Young people between the ages of sixteen to twenty four have the highest prevalence to mental illnesses, which is at one in four people. In the oldest age group, between seventy-five and eighty-five years, the prevalence declines to about one in twenty. This implies that young people do not have the abilities of coping with stress as compared to the ol der and mature people. In addition, some social factors have an effect on mental illness among individuals. These include marital status, education level, and unemployment. Higher levels of education result in better life. This is because the highly educated are more likely to find better paying jobs and this makes their lives comfortable. The largest population of men that is affected by mental disorders is between the ages sixteen and thirty-four. In women, the most affected population is between sixteen and twenty four years of age (Godan et al, 2008). Babies born prematurely, especially those born at less than thirty-two weeks of gestation have higher chances of being hospitalized with delusional and schizophrenia disorders. This can be attributed to the fact that such babies’ brains are not fully developed and as a result, they cannot cope with the world’s stress. Men and women experience the same levels of mental illnesses although the rates are highest in both s ingle men and women. Separated and married people have higher probabilities of developing mental illness than married people. Women have higher probabilities of experiencing anxiety and depression disorders while men are more likely to experience substance abuse disorders. Men have higher chances, more than twice likely to experience substance abuse disorders as compared to women. Alcohol is the most abused as compared to other drugs. The number of men and women who have schizophrenia is even but women experience later onsets, better recovery and fewer times of illnesses (Godan et al, 2008). Race affects the way people have an outlook of life. This means that some people, because of their race are not happy with life and this increase the chances of falling mentally ill. African-Americans, Hispanics and Asia-Americans have higher probabilities of becoming mentally ill than Caucasians. About twenty-five percent of African Americans are uninsured and cannot have access to quality ment al healthcare. Stigma associated with mental disorders keeps many African-Americans away from seeking any form of treatment. This implies that the number of African-Americans suffering from mental illnesses is high as compared to Caucasians. African-Americans who seek for treatment have higher chances of terminating it prematurely than their Caucasians counterparts. In addition, African-Americans have hi

Zodiac Killer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zodiac Killer - Research Paper Example He targeted three women and four men between the ages of 15 and 29. In several cities the case remains open. In spite of the investigation over 2,500 suspects, the serial killing case never officially solved. The report will analyze the Zodiac serial killing case. This report will try to discuss the given questions related with Zodiac killer case. Analysis This part of the report will try to provide effective answers to the provided questions. Question 1 Zodiac Killer was recognized as cold blooded serial killer. He is quite different in nature and behavior comparing to the other normal homicide suspect. Zodiac serial killer is quite unique among all the serial killers. It is evident in past that all the serial killers follow similar method while killing or murdering the victims, but Zodiac killer followed different modes and strategies of killing in different cases (Waller, 2011). For example, the victims were totally under control of the serial killer when the killer shot them outs ide the car at the Lake Herman Road. Different killing methods and various dispatching styles of dead bodies made the Zodiac killer different from other serial killers and normal homicide suspects. In addition to this, his communication style with the press through the letters before and after the murders made him unique serial killer. Question 2 The Zodiac serial killing case is still unsolved due to the implementation of cool and tricky killing process. The motive behind the serial killing process is not discovered. A serial killer kills people in order to fulfill his or her personal needs or mental satisfaction. Some investigators stated that the killer choose to kill the victims in order to satisfy his own sexual needs. Out of 7 attacks 5 women got died. Most dramatically, rest 2 men victims able to survive despite the attack. However, the killer himself denied this reason or motive behind the serial killing through his letter note sent to the press (Graysmith, 2007). He claimed that he killed 37 people including both men and women. However, the proper motive behind the killing still are not discovered as the case declared as inactive by San Francisco police in the year 2004. Question 3 The police of several cities tried to capture the serial killer through several investigation and forensic activities. In the year 1969 the Zodiac killer continued to confuse the FBI agencies through different killing methods. The serial killer murdered five women and critically injured two men victims (Haugen, 2010). The FBI did not have any kind of jurisdiction in those particular murder cases. In addition to these, FBI did not directly investigate the murder case. However, the FBI agency was enlisted to perform forensic examinations according to the local law enforcement. The FBI agency tried to engage several crime detector specialists, such as latent fingerprint specialists, code analysts and handwriting specialist into the forensic investigation process. The FBI agenc y tried hard to break the codes that are written by the killers on envelops, letters and cryptograms. But they were unable to provide a proper solution. It is true that the Zodiac serial killing case remained unsolved. Question 4 Different killing methods and unique dispatching styles of dead bodies make it difficult for the city police to capture the Zodiac serial killer. The killer was lucky and smart. He could easily interpret the next move of police or FBI agencies. He followed unique killing styles. In addition to this, the

Environmental Issues Of Ganga River

Environmental Issues Of Ganga River Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential growth of industrialization and urbanization have exposed the water resources, in general, and rivers, in particular, to various forms of degradation. Many Indian rivers, including the Ganga in several stretches, particularly during lean flows, have become unfit even for bathing. Realizing that the rivers of the country were in a serious state of degradation, a beginning towards their restoration was made with the launching of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in 1985. It was envisaged as a comprehensive programme of river conservation with the objective of improving the water quality. It was visualized that in due course, the programme would be enlarged to cover other major rivers of the country. In order to prepare such a major programme, an exhaustive study of the Ganga Basin arrived by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The study covered all aspects of rivers in the Ganga basin including water quality. The study pointed out that besides pollution from municipal and industrial wastes, non-point sources like run off from rural settlements, pesticides from agricultural fields, open defecation, dumping of carcasses significantly contribute to pollution of the river and render the water unsuitable for its intended use. Equally important is the issue of flow in the River. Dams and barrages for storing and diverting water for irrigation, domestic consumption and industry, affect the flow, particularly during dry months. This has serious implications for water quality and aquatic life in the river. The Ganga Action Plan Phase I (GAP I) was started in 1985 to improve the water quality of river Ganga to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution load reaching the river. GANGA BASIN: Ganga drains a basin of extraordinary variation in altitude, climate, land use and cropping pattern. Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time immemorial. It is one of the most sacred rivers in the world and is deeply revered by the people of this country. India has 12 river basins, and 14 minor and desert river basins. Ganga river basin is the largest of these. The Ganga basin lies between East longitudes 73 °30 and 89 ° 0 and North latitudes of 22 °30 and 31 °30, covering an area of 1,086,000 sq km, extending over India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It has a catchment area of 8,61,404 sq. km in India, constituting 26% of the countrys land mass and supporting about 43% of population (448.3 million as per 2001 census). Ganga has many tributaries, both in the Himalayan region before it enters the plains at Haridwar and further downstream before its confluence with the Bay of Bengal. -May are the lean flow Months. The surface water resource Ganga has been assessed as 525 billion cubic Meters (BCM). Substantial abstraction of water for various purposes including irrigation, power Generation and drinking water has impacted the quantity of flows in the river. Some General Information about Ganga  [1]  : Here are a few basic facts about the Ganga River. This information will help you understand the Ganges at a glance. Total Length of River Ganges 2,510 Kms (1,560 miles) Average depth of Ganga River 52 Feet (maximum depth, 100 feet) Place of Origin of Ganga River Foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m Area drained by Ganges River (Ganges Plains) 1,000,000 Square Kilometres Major Tributaries of Ganges Yamuna, Son, Kosi, Gandak, Gomati, Ghaghara, Bhagirathi etc Cities on the bank of Ganges Kanpur, Soron, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Buxar, Saidpur etc The entire stretch of river Ganga (main stem) can be viewed into three segments: A. Upper Ganga à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  294 km Gaumukh to Haridwar B. Middle Ganga à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1082 km Haridwar to Varanasi C. Lower Ganga à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  1134 km Varanasi to Ganga Sagar Places: There are many cities which are situated on the bank of river Ganga. Focusing on the state of Uttaranchal and the cities like Haridwar and Rishikesh which are prone to pollution due to the pilgrimage. Uttaranchal became the 27th state of India on November 9, 2000. It borders Tibet in the north-east and Nepal to the south-east, while its neighboring states are Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Uttaranchal is a region of outstanding natural beauty. The high Himalayan ranges and glaciers cover most of the northern parts of the state, while the lower reaches are densely forested. The unique Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. Two of Indias mightiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttaranchal, and are fed by innumerable lakes, glacial melts and streams in the region. The tourism industry is a major contributor to the economy of Uttaranchal, with the Raj era hill-stations at Mussorie, Almora, Ranikhet and Nainital being some of the most frequented destinations. To this region also belong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for almost 2000 y ears now pilgrims have been visiting the temples at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath and Kedarnath in the hope of salvation and purification from sin. Recent developments in the region include initiatives by the state government to capitalize on the burgeoning visitor trade. The state also plays host to some of the worst conceived bigdam projects in India such as the monstrously large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana Rivers  [2]  . HARIDWAR: Ancient Haridwar (the Gateway to God) is one of the seven holiest places in India, and one of the oldest living cities. For Hindus, a visit to Haridwar is believed to provide liberation from the endless cycle of death and rebirth. Haridwars main attractions are its temples (particularly Mansa Devi temple, where the wish fulfilling goddess resides), ghats (steps leading down to the river), and Ganges River. People take a holy dip and cleanse their sins. Haridwar district, covering an area of about 2360 Km with a population of 14, 44, 213, is in the western part of Uttarakhand state of India and extends from latitude 29 58 in the north to longitude 78 13 in the east with subtropical climate. It receives millions of tourists in every month, sometimes just in one day, which increases the number of automobiles of various categories up to 120 % per day RISHIKESH : Rishikesh is yet another centre of pilgrimage and tourist attraction for Indians as well as foreigners. Rishikesh is popularly known as the Yoga Capital of the World. Rishikesh is 28 kms from Haridwar on way to Badrinath and is situated at the foothills on either side of holy river Ganga and is surrounded by Shivalik ranges from three sides. Rishikesh complex consists of three distinct areas, known as Rishikesh, Muni-ki-Reti and Swargashram. The town is well known for modem and ancient Ashrams. REASON FOR THE POLLUTION:  [3]   In the upper reaches of the Ganga, numerous hydel projects threaten the rivers ecosystem. And in the plains, as the river flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, a toxic mix of untreated sewage, discarded garbage, agricultural run-off and industrial waste flow unabated into it. Hindus regard the Ganga water as pure; but in reality it is pure toxic muck! So much so that one of Indias most treasured resources was also crowned one of the worlds top five most polluted rivers in 2007. The Ganga at Haridwar, where thousands of devotees take holy dip and collect water, continues to be polluted with sewage, a scientist has said, suggesting a parallel canal strategy for permanent prevention of pollution. The situation is most miserable and despite some waste water trappings through a piecemeal system of sewers, the towns sewage continues to flow almost all along the Ganga canal at Haridwar. There is zero management for solid waste which blocked many nalas, inlets/manholes resulting not only in overflow of sewage into the canal but led to most ugly and unaesthetic sites and foul smell.Nearly 89 million litres of sewage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its route till Haridwar. The amount of sewage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when nearly 15 lakh pilgrims visit the state between May and October each year. According to the Ganga pollution control unit of Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam, Haridwar alone accounts for 37.36 million litres of the sewage that goes directly to the Ganga without getting treated in any plant. Apart from sewage disposal of half-burnt human bodies at Haridwar and hazardous medical waste from the base hospital at Srinagar due to absence of an incinerator are also adding to pollution levels in the Ganga. It is worth mentioning that despite spending over Rs. 1500 crores by the Ganga Action Plan since its inception in 1984, the river still remains polluted. The second phase of the project, which is to get over in 2008, includes setting up of sewer lines in 8 cities in Garhwal that fall on the route of the river. According to an estimate, during its 2510 kilometre-long course from Gaumukh till Bay of Bengal, nearly 1 billion litres of untreated sewage gets disposed into the river. Impact of the Pollution: We should care about the continuing environmental degradation of our oceans and coastal areas because it is detrimental to human health, economic development, climate and our planets store of biodiversity. It is interfering with the sustainability of environment and its resources. Main sources of marine pollution are atmosphere, river runoff, agriculture, livestocks, urban runoff, automobiles, land clearing, sewage outfall, industrial waste etc. Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature (a) decreases oxygen supply, and (b) affects ecosystem composition. Urban runoffstorm water discharged to surface waters from roads and parking lotscan also be a source of elevated water temperatures. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt rise in water temperature known as thermal shock. Water quality is also detoriating because of pollution in river Ganga and it is affecting marine ecosystem. Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. The decrease in levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) can harm aquatic animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods. Thermal pollution may also increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals, as enzyme activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As a result one has the problem of compromising food chains of the old and new environments. Biodiversity can be decreased as a result. Three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean are direct discharge of waste into the oceans, runoff into the waters due to rain, and pollutants that are released f rom the atmosphere. EFFECT OF POLLUTANTS ON MARINE ORGANISMS Pollutants enters into to the oceans are mostly diluted; however the organisms living in the oceans tend to concentrate the pollutants into their body by various mechanisms, like adsorption, absorption, ingestion etc. The concentration of pollutant increases with higher tropic levels, i.e. from primary producers to the tertiary consumer. The threshold limit of organisms to the pollutant concentration increase with increasing tropic levels. Various mode of pollution transport in organisms includes bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Water pollution also leads to Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial animals, Reduced reproduction rate, Increased incidence of diseases, Imbalances created in secondary food chains, Accumulation of bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable pollutants in animal bodies, Some organochlorine pesticides (like DDT, BHC, Endrin) are known for bioaccumulative and biomagnifiable characters. Bad impact of Water Pollution on Environment and human health. The contamination of water bodies has tremendous negative impact on environment, it has ability to destroy many animal habitats, and cause irreparable damage to many ecosystems. Water pollution is not only killing millions of people around the globe each year, it is also killing millions of plants and animals that simply cannot cope with the increasing levels of water pollution caused by different chemicals and other waste. In some areas of the world water pollution issue is totally out of control, and in these areas polluted water spreads different toxins and other chemicals into environment, making it dirty, and above all unhealthy place to live in. Among the most common causes of water pollution include the pathogens, various chemicals or other contaminants as well as other thermal sources of pollution. Pathogenic causes of pollution in water are usually the bacteria as well as other microorganisms that are commonly food in the surface of the water. If their population exceeds the normal rate, then its effects would be adverse to the human health. Of course, the chemical sources of water pollution include those from detergents, disinfectants, food processing wastes and many more. Water pollution can also leads to various diseases like vomiting or diarrhea, sick stomach, skin rashes, Cancer. Legislation and Efforts to Clean Ganga River: The basic objective taken by the people was to to create mass awareness for an eco-friendly non-violent culture of development for the protection of our life-sustaining natural systems in general and of the sacred Ganga and the Himalayas in particular; on the other hand, to put moral pressure on the government, to take time-bound decisive steps to completely and permanently save the Ganga. Ganga Action Plan: The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in April 1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river. But the efforts to decrease the pollution level in the river became more after spending à  Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ° 901.71 Crore (~190 million USD adjusting to inflation). Therefore, this plan was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. The steering Committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of the GAP and necessary correction on the basis of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP phase; 2 schemes have been completed under this plan. A million liters of sewage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated. Phase-II of the program was approved in stages from 1993 onwards, and included the following tributaries of the Ganges: Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Mahananda. National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA): NRGBA was established by the Central Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3(3) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It also declared Ganges as the National River of India. The chair includes the Prime Minister of India and Chief Ministers of states through which the Ganges flows. In exercise of the powers conferred by subà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sections (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Government has constituted National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) as a planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for strengthening the collective efforts of the Central and State Government for effective abatement of pollution and conservation of the river Ganga. One of the important functions of the NGRBA is to prepare and implement a Ganga River Basin: Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP). A Consortium of 7 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) has been given the responsibility of preparing Ganga River Basin: Environment Management Plan (GRB EMP) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), GOI, New Delhi. Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) has been signed between 7 IITs (Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee) and MoEF for this purpose on July 6, 2010. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ( JNNURM)  [4]  : 40% of the total funds under directly or indirectly marked for river conservation, so this has become an essential avenue for corruption. Crores of rupees have gone down the drain over the past many years, but things havent changed a bit. Rather situation has further deteriorated. Instead, flood plain and river bed of majority of rivers have been sold by the governments to the private builders. Meanwhile, activists of Jal Biradari and Tarun Bharat Sangh, who had earlier rattled the Uttarakhand government and forced it to suspend its hydro-electricity projects constructed over Ganga, have now started trooping in Allahabad. Conservationists and scientists would be in the Sangam city to participate in the meet called Ganga Sammelan which was held on September 23, 2011 The call for the meet has been given by Jal Biradari, a body of river conservationists headed by Magsaysay award winner Rajendra Singh. The participants aim to protest against the governments move to invest thousands of crores on river conservation without disclosing its plan of action.http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/images/pixel.gif Save Ganga Movement : With the help of many like-minded organizations and with the moral support from many religious leaders, spiritual and political, scientists, environmentalists, writers and social activists, initiated Save Ganga Movement against the pollution of river Ganga and its tributaries with a seminar on Ganga aur hamaaraa daayitva on 13th Nov. 1998 at Kanpur. Renowned Gandhians, Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Dr. Kanchanlata Sabarwal, also joined the Movement. Catastrophic Global Ecological Crisis: According to the report of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) published on20th March 2007. Apart from the Ganga, the Indus, Nile, and Yangtze are among the 10 most endangered rivers of the world that are lifeline of billions of people. Global warming could cause more hunger in poor countries and extinction of many animal and plant species and melt most glaciers of the Himalayas, which is the source of the Ganga, the Indus and many other great rivers, by the2030s, according to a draft UN report published on 6th April,2007 . The thought of Gandhiji, the apostle of Truth and non-violence of our age, does provide the form and content of a non-violent culture of development in the context of our present technological age, which is the surest and perhaps the only solution to our impending catastrophic global ecological crisis. The seers and prophets of all great religions would agree with the Gandhian solution. Save Ganga Rally at Delhi (12th Nov, 2000): A fervent appeal was made to the Honble Rashtrapati for his guidance and active support in this cause. A national campaign was launched with a mass ralley in Delhi on 12th Nov. 2000, with blessings from the then Honble Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee and many eminent spiritual leaders including His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sankaracharya of Kanchikotipuram, Rev. Dada J.P. Vaswani of Sadhu Vaswani Mission, Pune, in which eminent persons like Shri Sundarlal Bahuguna, Smt Tara Gandhi Bhattacharyaji, Dr Kanchanlata Sabarwal, Dr Samprasad Vinod etc. participated. Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar (May 2002-Nov 2003): Next two years have been devoted to coordinating the Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar in three phases during May 2002 to Nov 2003. In the course of the Yatra, we quite successfully held 3 Save Ganga Seminars and 6 Save Ganga Meetings in which many distinguished scientists, intellectuals, social activists, social leaders, Gandhians and religious leaders participated and expressed their views. 1st National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj (1st 2nd October, 2004)  [5]  : In the National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj held on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti as a part of our Save Ganga Movement at Gandhi Darshan Samiti, Rajghat, Delhi on 1st and 2nd October 2004, a Charter of Ten Demands were unanimously accepted to be the Ten Commandmentsto save the Ganga and the Himalayas. A book entitled Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj, published by Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad and NWO, Pune was released in the workshop. Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2006): We organized a Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Raj ghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2006, the 76th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra, and formally presented Our Charter of Ten Demands in the Office of our Honble Rashtrapatiji in the form of an Appeal to Save the Ganga and the Himalayas. The Yatra was organized/ supported by about 24 organizations. It was unanimously resolved to celebrate the Day of Dandi Yatra, 12th March, every year in the form a Save Ganga Save Himalaya March from Bapujis Samadhi to Rashtrapati Bhavan till the necessary steps are taken to completely and permanently save the Ganga the Himalayas. 2nd National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj (1st 3rd October, 2006): The 2nd National Workshop on Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj was held on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti as a part of our Save Ganga Movement from 1st to 3rd October 2006 at Haridwar, Uttaranchal to discuss further deeply on various major issues concerning protection of the Ganga and the Himalayas as well as to create public awareness about it. As a part of the workshop a seminar Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj was held at M.C. Mehta Environmental Foundation, Eco Ashram at Haridwar on 1st and 2nd October 2006 and a Save Ganga Save Himalayas Public Meeting was held at Har Ki Paudi, Haridwar on 3 rd October2006. Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2007): A march was organized ; 2nd Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Rajghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2007, the 77th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the Centinary year of his Satyagrah in South Africa and presented the Charter of Ten Demands in the form of an appeal to Save the Ganga the Himalayas. Save Ganga Save Himalayas March, New Delhi (12th March, 2008): Celebrated the 78th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the form of a Save Ganga Save Himalayas March from Bapujis Samadhi at Rajghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2008 . Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meeting-cum-Panel Discussion, New Delhi (12th March, 2010): We celebrated the 80th Anniversary of Gandhjis Dandi Yatra in the form of a Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meeting- cum- Panel Discussion at Gandhi Darsan, Rajghat, New Delhi on 12thMarch, 2010. There was an essential agreement on the following two points: The highly earth quake prone, eco-fragile Uttarkhand region of the Ganga Basin must be declared Ecological Fragile and its rivers wild river and all steps must be taken to protect them and the natural eco-systems they support 2. Since our rivers are the source of drinking water for crores of our common people and also for the animals and STPs cannot convert sewage into potable water, industrial effluents and hospital wastes treated or untreated and also sewage from the cities and towns treated or untreated, must not be allowed to enter into the rivers: sewers must be separated from rivers and sewage must be converted into valuable natural manure for organic farming, producing electricity in the process wherever possible. The main objective of Save Ganga Save Himalayas Yatra from Badrinath to Rameshwar is to bring together under one roof various like-minded eminent persons from different streams of life and like-minded religious leaders religious institutions of different faiths, Gandhian leaders Gandhian institutions, social activists NGOs, etc. to devote to the cause of creating (1) The mass-awareness necessary to save the Ganga, symbolizing all rivers and water bodies, and the Giriraj Himalaya, symbolizing all mountains, forests and wildlife (2) The mass-awareness necessary to create a Gandhian Non-violent Culture of Development, which is the surest and perhaps the only solution to our impending catastrophic Global Ecological Crisis, through Save Ganga Save Himalayas Meetings/ Seminars/ Workshops, etc to be held in various major cities/ pilgrimage centers of our country in the course of the Yatra. It is deeply satisfying that our Save Ganga Movement has succeeded to a great extent to bring under one umbrella various like-minded eminent scientists, social workers and organizations, Gandhians, spiritual leaders and organizations to work together for the absolutely non-controversial noble cause of Saving the Ganga and the Himalayas. Supreme Court of India: The Supreme Court has been working on the closure and relocation of many of the industrial plants along the Ganges and in 2010 the government declared the stretch of river between Gaumukh and Uttarkashi an eco-sensitive zone. Nigamanand: In early 2011, a Hindu seer named Swami Nigamananda Saraswati fasted unto death, protesting against illegal mining happening in the district of Haridwar (in Uttarakhand) resulting in pollution. Following his death in June 2011, his Ashram leader Swami Shivananda fasted for 11 days starting on November 25, 2011, taking his movement forward. Finally, the Uttarkhand government released an order to ban illegal mining all over Haridwar district. According to administration officials, quarrying in the Ganges would now be studied by a special committee which would assess its environmental impacts the river and its nearby areas. Prof. G. D. Agrawal: Noted environmental activist, Prof. G. D. Agrawal sat for fast unto death on 15 January 2012. Due to support from other social activists like Anna Hazare, the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh agreed to Prof. Agrawals demands. Accordingly, he called for a National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA) meeting and urged the authorities to utilize the 2,600 crore (~520M USD) sanctioned for creating sewer networks, sewage treatment plants, sewage pumping stations, electric crematoria, community toilets and development of river fronts. Failure of Ganga Action Plan: It is truly deeply anguishing that we have failed to make the Ganga free from pollution in spite of our central government launching the Ganga Action Plan in 1985, and spending hundreds of crores of rupees for this purpose, even though we know that the Ganga is the lifeline of our crores of people and crores of our people consider her to be their divine mother, and our experts claim that we have the necessary knowledge, skill and wealth to make the Ganga and her tributaries completely pollution free within 4-5 years. GAP suffered from the following limitations  [6]  : Only a part of the pollution load of the river could be tackled. GAP concentrated on improving the water quality of Ganga, in terms of organic pollution and dissolved oxygen. Only the wastewater of towns flowing through the drains to the river was targeted. Connections of household toilets to the sewer system, solid waste management, and some other vital aspects of municipal activities, which impinge on the water quality were not addressed. The issue of ensuring environmental flows in the river was not attended to. This has become increasingly important in view of the competing demands on the Ganga water for drinking, irrigation and power generation. Adopting more efficient water conservation practices could have reduced the need for abstraction of water from Ganga. Problems of land acquisition, court cases, contractual issues and inadequate capacities in the local bodies/implementing agencies came in the way of speedy implementation. Tree cover in the Ganga basin has reduced considerably and land use pattern has changed leading to soil erosion. Sediment yield and its deposit on the river bed were also not monitored. Pollution load from non-point sources was addressed marginally. No attention was paid to run-off from agricultural fields, which brings non biodegradable Pesticides into the river. Measures necessary for the prevention of pollution of the river water while planning New settlements or expansion of the present ones were not considered. Watershed development as well as groundwater and surface water interaction were not covered. Only Class-I towns on the banks of rivers were taken up. Thus a large number of urban settlements remained outside the purview of the Plan. Pollution from rural sector was not addressed. Several parameters such as heavy metals, pesticides, nitrogen and phosphorous were not monitored. These parameters have become important with increased industrialization and urbanization. Suggestions and Recommendations: Gangotri Valley to be viewed as a place of pilgrim tourism and spiritual activities. All Commercial activities in the vicinity of Gangotri (say within 500 m) to be transformed into eco friendly activities. Plan for environment protection and preservation of natural and pristine conditions (e.g. hotel culture to be changed to hut culture; severe restrictions on overnight stay of tourists, promotion of pilgrim tourism than commercial tourism, facilitating Pad Yatra, encouraging use of locally available materials, provision for segregated collection of entire solid waste of all kinds, entirely eliminating disposal of any kind of waste from anthropogenic sources in the valley, complete recycle/reuse and conversion into acceptable products of wastes generated; sanitation and bathing facilities with no direct/indirect discharge into river valley, control of noise and artificial lighting, etc.). Harshil to be developed as nature friendly, zero waste terminal pilgrim tourist spot with facilities of ashrams, guest houses, parking, internet, etc. Environmental Flow (E Flow) to be estimated at various places, particularly for those stretches where river flow has been modified. Flo

Chaucer on the Web :: Geoffrey Chaucer Internet Essays

Chaucer on the Web It has been only a few years since the Internet has become available to most of us. Since then, it has played an amazing role, and it changes our lives every day. We use the Internet to communicate with friends, to check news, and to find information. The Web contains a great amount of data about everything, and Geoffrey Chaucer is one popular subject. There are hundreds of sites dedicated to this great poet who was born in London between 1340 and 1345. The Harvard site describes his very busy official life: â€Å"He held positions as an esquire of the royal court, as the controller of the customs for the port of the royal court, as the controller of the customs for the port of London, as a participant in important diplomatic missions, and in a variety of other official duties.† Chaucer was an important diplomat, yet he also became known as a great poet and The Canterbury Tales made him famous. There are many sites about this author, of which three caught my interest. Each sit e has a different layout, format and information. Joseph P. Thomas defines Chaucer’s life at http://www.newadvent.org: â€Å"John Chaucer, Geoffrey’s father, was a vintner and his mother Agnes was a heiress. John was connected with the Court, and once saw Flanders in the royal trim. Geoffrey was well educated, but whether he entered at either university remains unknown.† Chaucer married above his class to Philippa Roet who was a daughter of Sir Paon or Payne de Roioet Guienne, the knight at arms. They had three children, and their marriage was unhappy. Thomas inserted a lot of detailed information about Chaucer’s work, although his site is unattractive. The text is plain without any pictures, frames, or interactive sites. This web site is not easy to read and is unappealing, although it is a very useful tool in a search for details about Chaucer’s life and his time. The Luminarium organization at http://www.

Memorandum – for Hospitality

Memorandum To: Kitchen Operations Staff From: Human Resources Date: 30th February 2013 Subject: Prevention of food poisoning. This memo is intended to inform and update employees on the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Employees are expected to have a clear understanding of The Food Act 2003(NSW) and Food Regulations 2004(NSW). A copy of the Act is available with your supervisor for reference. Food handlers are legally obliged to follow these requirements. Please ensure a HACCP process is followed during the production of food.Periodic checks and audits from internal and external teams are necessary to ascertain proper HACCP processes are followed. (It should be noted that HACCP process is a legal obligation for food handlers). Employees must maintain proper personal hygiene. This is inclusive of some golden rules such as good personal grooming, treating cuts and wounds and washing hands regularly. Personal health issues that pose a risk in the workplace (food borne/airborne diseases, illnesses such as influenza or infections from open cuts/wounds) should be treated as soon as possible.Food preparation procedures include proper maintenance of the food preparation areas and food service areas. Particular care must be taken to the correct hand washing technique and the usage of gloves when handling food. Safe food storage is a legal obligation. Goods should be stored according to the manufacturer’s instruction, temperature controlled , properly packed and labelled, checked for expiration, follow stock rotation, avoid storing chemicals in old containers and store substances in separate well-lit and ventilated storerooms.Ensure that the bins are sanitised and emptied regularly. Be sure to categorise the waste storage area so that waste and recyclable items are separated. Objects and areas such as work benches , utensils , dinnerware and glassware should be cleaned and sanitised thoroughly to prevent contam ination. Regular checks to be done on temperature controlled equipment. Maintaining temperature is an important aspect of food preservation.Any malfunction of these equipment should be immediately reported and rectified. All of the above if not followed can cause food contamination which could possibly lead to Food poisoning which broadly falls under Chemical (caused by the presence of chemicals – such as cleaning agents ), Biological (harmful bacteria that is formed on food due to food spoilage from incorrect preservation of food) or Physical ( caused by glass fragments or metal shavings from incorrect preparation process) food poisoning.Signed, General Manager Human Resources Riya Jude __________________________________________________________________________________ All employees must read this memo and sign the declaration below: I read and understood the work practices in the kitchen that are important in the prevention of food poisoning. Name:| Signature:| Date:| | | | | | | | | |

the scarlet letter essays

the scarlet letter essays In the book The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, a character by the name of Roger Chillingworth had committed the unpardonable sin and he basically killed another character, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Everyone has been in a position where they have had the chance of manipulating or blackmailing someone. Chillingworth did exactly that and ended up breaking down Dimmesdale to his death. Dimmesdale was not the single one affected by Chillingworths deeds. Chillingworth had a spouse, but no one knew of their relationship. Her name was Hester Prynne and she had an illegitimate child named Pearl. The Reverend Dimmesdale had an affair with Hester, and he is the real father of Pearl. Throughout the novel the people of Boston were withheld this information, along with the information of Hesters real husband. Chillingworth was a physician, or back in those days a doctor was called a leech. Dimmesdale started to feel ill, thus starting the beginning of his end. Dimmesdale became not simply a patient of Chillingworth, but a roommate as well. Being in such close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth has come to know the ministers most private emotions, and he has begun to suspect that Dimmesdales illness is the result of a deep secret that has at no time been confided with another. In a sequestered conversation with Hester, Chillingworth made a vow to descry the real father of Pearl, and expose him. In a conversation with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth brings up the question of why an individual would...

Free Essays on Automatic Dependence Survailenc

Introduction The beginning of the twentieth century brought about major changes in the world. One of these changes began at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina witht the Wright brother’s historic first flight. The rest of the century brought gigantic leaps in the aviation industry. Charles Lindberg’s solo Atlantic crossing showed the world the growth avation was capable of. By the end of the Second World War, the jet age had been born, and Radio Detection and Ranging (radar) was tracking aircraft as it crossed the sky. The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite brought humanity into the space age. As mankind passed through the 1960s, Neal Armstrong made his walk on the moon. From these fledgling first steps, aviation has moved to routine space flights, a constellation of manmade satellites currently circle the earth, and everyday thousands of people board non-stop international flights. Through the use of new satellite based technology, the safety and efficiency of av iation will continue to grow. Current Airspace Systems The United States current National Airspace System (NAS) is arranged around ground based equipment. Navigation is based systems such as Very High Frequency Omni directional Range (VOR), and Non-directional Beacons (NDB). Aircraft surveillance is maintained through the use of radar. Radar is broken down into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary radar is the signal that is returned as the radar waves bounce off an aircraft and is shown displayed on the controller’s screen. This is supplemented by secondary radar, which is a signal sent from the aircraft giving its current altitude. Both the navigational and surveillance systems currently in place rely in ground-based equipment and airborne receivers. These systems are costly to maintain, as the ground transmitters must continually be serviced. They are also susceptible to errors such as the slant range error and are limited to line ... Free Essays on Automatic Dependence Survailenc Free Essays on Automatic Dependence Survailenc Introduction The beginning of the twentieth century brought about major changes in the world. One of these changes began at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina witht the Wright brother’s historic first flight. The rest of the century brought gigantic leaps in the aviation industry. Charles Lindberg’s solo Atlantic crossing showed the world the growth avation was capable of. By the end of the Second World War, the jet age had been born, and Radio Detection and Ranging (radar) was tracking aircraft as it crossed the sky. The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite brought humanity into the space age. As mankind passed through the 1960s, Neal Armstrong made his walk on the moon. From these fledgling first steps, aviation has moved to routine space flights, a constellation of manmade satellites currently circle the earth, and everyday thousands of people board non-stop international flights. Through the use of new satellite based technology, the safety and efficiency of av iation will continue to grow. Current Airspace Systems The United States current National Airspace System (NAS) is arranged around ground based equipment. Navigation is based systems such as Very High Frequency Omni directional Range (VOR), and Non-directional Beacons (NDB). Aircraft surveillance is maintained through the use of radar. Radar is broken down into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary radar is the signal that is returned as the radar waves bounce off an aircraft and is shown displayed on the controller’s screen. This is supplemented by secondary radar, which is a signal sent from the aircraft giving its current altitude. Both the navigational and surveillance systems currently in place rely in ground-based equipment and airborne receivers. These systems are costly to maintain, as the ground transmitters must continually be serviced. They are also susceptible to errors such as the slant range error and are limited to line ...

International Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Business Management - Essay Example The resources that the investor would like to control most are trademarks, patents and management know how that can be used to determine the competitiveness position of the initial holder (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 81). FDI can be horizontal or vertical. Horizontal FDI occurs when a company invests in the same trade as it has been dealing with at home (Chen, 2000, pp. 91–95). Vertical FDI has two forms, that is, forward and backward FDI. Forward vertical FDI occurs when a company invests in amenities that will devour the output of the original firm in the home country. The backward vertical FDI takes place where a firm invests in the facilities that provide raw materials or inputs to the home country (Schutter et al., 2013, p. 82). Coca cola has become the largest soft drink firm globally since it was formulated 140 years ago in Georgia United States. Currently, the company has its product in more than 200 countries worldwide serving more than 16 million people. The process of Coca Cola company investment in China started in 1979 after China and United States restored their diplomatic relations. The first Coca cola manufacturing factory was launched in 1981 in Beijing. The process of decision making consists of different stages and decision making along the way. The foremost phase of the process is the consideration for exportation possibility, in which the Coca Cola company managers determined if they can export their product to China. To make this decision the company considers transportation costs and the importation barrier. In case the transportation costs and importation barriers are too high, the Coca Cola Company discards the idea for exporting their product to China. In this notion it is impossible for the Coca Cola Company to export their soft drinks all the way to China, therefore, a different approach is used. The Company may think of joint venture alliances in the China market by

Philosophy of Religion - Existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy of Religion - Existence of God - Essay Example The issue of religious beliefs is also the central subject questioning both the evidentialists and the non-evidentialists approach in addressing the issue. Different arguments for God include; cosmological argument, design argument and ontological argument. This paper, therefore, seeks to establish the best of the arguments that explain the existence of God, any existing criticism of it, and how this objection can be dealt with. Lawhead (326), argue that the proponents of the cosmological argument carry the notion of the existence of something from nothing. In the illustration, for instance, a magician who rubs both hands and opens them only to realize a white dove. They, therefore, question why there is something and not anything. Rowe (4), further illustrates that they believe there exist things that transform other things or alternatively there are things that make the other things be in existence, which is a relatively deductive argument. They claim to establish that the theistic God exists and is attributable to goodness, omniscience, and omnipresence, among others. On the other hand, Lawhead (337) presents another perspective that design proponents exhibit. They argue that God exists by evidence of the design portrayed in the world, also called teleological argument. Here, they explain that Gods existence is evident by the way many things in the world have been designed in fulfilment of some particular goal. So they say that God is the designer. Vinnie (77) gives his contribution to the existence of the universe that it arose from divine cosmic order. Given that any such cosmic order needs God’s presence, it leads to a theory of the existence of God. Hartshorne idea in â€Å"Man’s vision of God â€Å"(1941) turned down traditional empirical perspective that God is conceivable as a necessary being. The last proponents in their ontological argument believe that God is the greatest possible being and He is in existence in human understanding and mind.  It is a meditative belief that God’s existence is in reality as well as in people’s mind.